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Incubator escapee wiki:Manual of Style/Titles of works

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Template:Redirect Template:Style-guideline Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists This part of the Manual of Style covers title formats and style for works of art or artifice, such as capitalization and italics versus quotation marks.

ItalicsEdit

Template:Seealso

Italic type (text like this, marked up with pairs of apostrophes as ''text like this'') should be used for the following types of names and titles, or abbreviations thereof:

Template:Anchor

Major worksEdit

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  • Officially named series of major works: Template:Xt Template:Crossref
  • Audio albums (musical or spoken-word)
  • Non-generic names of major independent musical compositions Template:Crossref:
    • Musicals, operas, operettas and other self-contained pieces of musical theatre
    • Named oratorios, cantatas, motets, orchestral works, and other compositions beyond the scope of a single song or dance:
  • Books, multi-volume works (e.g., encyclopedias), and booklets
  • The titles of novellas which have been published as stand-alone books are normally italicized. Novellas which are only published as parts of collections use quotation marks. Quotation marks may also be used to help distinguish a novella from a longer work with the same or similar title.
  • Television and radio programs, specials, shows, series and serials
  • Films (including short films) and documentaries
  • Comic books, comic strips, graphic novels and manga
  • Video games, board games, trading card games
  • Court case names, but not case citation or law report details included with the case name: Template:XtTemplate:Efn
  • Named exhibitions (artistic, historical, scientific, educational, cultural, literary, etc.Template:Sndgenerally hosted by, or part of, an existing institution such as a museum or gallery), but not large-scale exhibition events
  • Paintings, sculptures and other works of visual art with a title rather than a name Template:Crossref
  • Periodicals (newspapers, journals, magazines)
  • Plays (including published screenplays and teleplays)
  • Long or epic poems: Template:Xt
  • Syndicated columns and other features republished regularly by others
  • Titles of doctoral and master's theses and dissertations

The actual medium of publication or presentation is not a factor; a video feature released only on video tape, disc or the Internet is considered a "film" for these purposes, and likewise an e-book is a book, a webcomic is a comic strip, a music album available only from the artist on a limited-edition USB drive is a real album, a TV series available only via streaming services is still a series, etc.

Minor works and italicsEdit

Template:Em (any specifically titled subdivisions of italicized major works) are given in quotation marks Template:Crossref.

Template:Anchor {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Website titles may or may not be italicized in running text depending on the type of site and what kind of content it features. Online magazines, newspapers, and news sites with original content should generally be italicized ([[Salon (website)|Template:Xt]] or [[HuffPost|Template:Xt]]). Online non-user-generated encyclopedias and dictionaries should also be italicized ([[Scholarpedia|Template:Xt]] or [[Merriam-Webster Online|Template:Xt]]). Other types of websites should be decided on a case-by-case basis.Template:Efn

These cases are well-established conventions recognized in most style guides. Do not apply italics to other categories or instances because you feel they are creative or artful (e.g., game or sport moves, logical arguments, "artisanal" products, schools of practice or thought, Internet memes, aphorisms, etc.).

Similar casesEdit

Some similar cases that are not titles of works include:

  • Certain scientific names: named genes (but not proteins encoded by them); genus and lower taxons (e.g., species and subspecies), but not higher taxa Template:Crossref
  • Specific, named transportation vehicles (but not prefixes, classifications, identifying numbers or other designations for them), including ships, spacecraft, trains, and locomotives (but not smaller conveyances such as cars or buses). Example: Template:Xt Template:Crossref

Link formattingEdit

To display text in italics, enclose it in double apostrophes.

If the title is also a wikilink but only part of it should be italicized, use italics around or inside a piped link to properly display the title:

  • Casablanca is produced by ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' or [[Casablanca (film)|''Casablanca'']].
Without piping, this wikilink would display – and incorrectly italicize – the disambiguation term, which is not part of the film title.

Italicizing Wikipedia article titlesEdit

Template:Further If the title of a Wikipedia article requires italicization, there are a few options:

These templates should be placed at the top of the page (but below Template:Tlx, if present).

Quotation marksEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Template:About

Minor worksEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Italics are generally used only for titles of longer works. Titles of shorter works should be enclosed in double quotation marks ("text like this"). It particularly applies to works that exist as a smaller part of a larger work. Examples of titles which are quoted but not italicized:

  • Articles, essays, papers, or conference presentation notes (stand-alone or in a collected larger work): Template:Xt
  • Chapters of a longer work (they may be labeled alternatively, e.g., sections, parts, or "books" within an actual book, etc.)
  • Entries in a reference work (dictionary, encyclopedia, etc.)
  • Single episodes or plot arcs of a television series or other serial audio-visual program: Template:Xt
  • Leaflets, flyers, circulars, brochures, postcards, instruction sheets, and other ephemeral publications
  • Sections within a periodical, including features, departments, columns (non-syndicated), titled cartoons (not syndicated comic strips)
  • Segments of a play, film, television show, etc., including named acts, skits, scenes, and the like
  • Short poems: Template:Xt
  • Short stories (textual or graphic): Template:Xt
  • Story lines that span multiple issues of a periodical
  • Songs, instrumentals, arias, numbers in a musical, movements of longer musical piece, album tracks, singles, and other short musical compositions: Template:Xt appears on the album also titled Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
  • Speeches, lectures, and conference presentations (only if given a specific title)

This convention also applies to songs, speeches, manuscripts, etc., with no known formal titles but which are conventionally referred to by lines from them as if they were titles: Template:Xt.Template:Efn

The formatting of the title of a pamphlet, which is on the divide between a booklet or short book on the one hand and a leaflet or brochure on the otherTemplate:Sndspecifically, whether to italicize the title or place it within quotation marksTemplate:Sndis left to editorial discretion at the article in question. Anything that has been assigned an ISBN or ISSN should be italicized. Another rule of thumb is that if the work is intended to stand alone and to be kept for later reference, or is likely to be seen as having merit as a stand-alone work, italicize it. Use quotation marks if the item is entirely ephemeral, trivial, or simply promotional of some other work or product.

The convention of italicizing non-English words and phrases does not apply to proper names; thus, a title of a short non-English work simply receives quotation marks.

Additional markupEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} If text is enclosed in quotation marks, do not include the quotation marks in any additional formatting markup. For example, if a title in quotation marks is the subject of a Wikipedia article and therefore displayed in boldface in the lead section, the quotation marks should not be in boldface because they are not part of the title itself. For further information, see Template:Section link.

Titles in quotation marks that include (or in unusual cases consist of) something that requires italicization for some other reason than being a title, e.g., a genus and species name, or a non-English phrase, or the name of a larger work being referred to, also use the needed italicization, inside the quotation marks: Template:Xt (an academic journal article containing an italicized phrase), and Template:Xt (a television episode with the title of a major work).

NeitherEdit

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There are cases in which titles should not be in italics or in quotation marks (though many are capitalized):

Religious textsEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Template:See also Texts of large, well-known religions should not normally be italicized. For example, [[Bible|Template:Xt]], [[Quran|Template:Xt]], [[Talmud|Template:Xt]], [[Bhagavad Gita|Template:Xt]], [[Adi Granth|Template:Xt]], [[Book of Mormon|Template:Xt]], and [[Avesta|Template:Xt]] are not italicized. Their constituent parts, such as [[Book of Ruth|Template:Xt]], [[New Testament|Template:Xt]], or [[Gospel of Matthew|Template:Xt]], are not italicized either, as such titles are generally traditional rather than original ones. However, the titles of specific published versions of religious texts should be italicized: [[Authorized King James Version|Template:Xt]] and Template:Xt.

Many relatively obscure spiritual works are also generally italicized, particularly if the work is not likely to be well-known to the Wikipedia reader, if the work was first published in modern times and has not undergone substantial changes, or if it might be unclear that the title refers to a book. For example, [[The Urantia Book|Template:Xt]], [[The Satanic Bible|Template:Xt]], [[Divine Principle|Template:Xt]], and [[Gylfaginning|Template:Xt]] should be italicized.

Series titlesEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Descriptive titles for media franchises (including trilogies and other series of novels or films) and fictional universes should Template:Em be placed in italics or quotation marks, even when based on a character or feature of the works: Template:Xt; Template:Xt. Those with official names from the publisher are capitalized (in the singular, not in plural and other genericizing constructions), without quotation marks or italics: [[Marvel Universe|Template:Xt]], [[Marvel Cinematic Universe|Template:Xt]], and [[DC Universe|Template:Xt]], but Template:Xt.

However, the following should be set in italics:

  • Actual titles of a series declared by the author or publisher: [[Les Rougon-Macquart|Template:Xt]], [[The Chronicles of Narnia|Template:Xt]]
  • The name of an individual work within the series name: Template:Xt, named for the Star Wars film; Template:Xt, named for films with the prefix Three Colours. Do not capitalize or italicize descriptive terms that are not part of an official series title (as with "franchise" and "trilogy" in those two examples).

For use of definite and indefinite articles at the start of a series title, apply the same rules as for work titles.

PunctuationEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Place adjacent punctuation outside any quotation marks or italics unless the punctuation is part of the title itself.

  • Template:Xt – The comma is not part of the title and therefore is not italicized.
  • Template:Xt – The commas are not part of the title and are therefore outside the quotation marks.
  • Template:Xt – The comma and question mark are both part of the title and are therefore italicized.

Where subtitle punctuation is unclear (e.g., because the subtitle is given on a separate line on the cover or a poster), use a colon and a space, not a dash, comma, or other punctuation, to separate the title elements. If there are two subtitles, a dash can be used between the second and third elements.

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Capital lettersEdit

Template:For Template:See also {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} For Wikipedia article titles that are not the titles of works and are not in other languages, the English Wikipedia uses sentence case (this is also true of section headings, captions, etc.Template:Efn) In sentence case, generally only the first word and all proper names are capitalized. Examples: [[List of selection theorems|Template:Xt]], [[Women's rights in Haiti|Template:Xt]].

In titles (including subtitles, if any) of English-language works (books, poems, songs, etc.), every word is capitalized except for the definite and indefinite articles, the short coordinating conjunctions, and any short prepositions. This is known as Template:Em. Capitalization of non-English titles varies by language Template:Crossref. Wikipedia normally follows these conventions when referring to such works, whether in the name of an article or within the text.

Template:Section link permits the use of other citation styles within Wikipedia, and some of these expect sentence case for certain titles (usually article and chapter titles). Title case should not be imposed on such titles under such a citation style consistently used in an article.

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Always capitalized: When using title case, the following words Template:Em be capitalized:

Not capitalized: For title case, the words that are Template:Em capitalized on Wikipedia (unless they are the first or last word of a title) are:

Other styles exist with regard to prepositions, including three- or even two-letter rules in news and entertainment journalism, and many academic publishers call for capitalization of no prepositions at all. These styles are not used on Wikipedia, including for titles of pop-culture or academic works.

Potential exceptions: Apply our five-letter rule (above) for prepositions except when a significant majority of current, reliable sources that are independent of the subject consistently capitalize, in the title of a specific work, a word that is frequently not a preposition, such as "Like" or "Past". Continue to lower-case common four-letter (or shorter) prepositions like "into" and "from".Template:Efn

Template:Vanchor: The general rule in English is not to capitalize after a hyphen unless what follows the hyphen is itself usually capitalized in running text (e.g., Template:Xt). However, this rule is often ignored in titles of works. Follow the majority usage in independent, reliable sources for any given subject (e.g., [[The Out-of-Towners|Template:Xt]] but [[The History of Middle-earth|Template:Xt]]). If neither spelling is clearly dominant in sources, default to lowercase after a hyphen, per the general rule.

Template:Vanchor: Not everything in parentheses (round brackets) is a subtitle. For titles with subtitles or parenthetical phrases, capitalize the first word of each element, even if it would not normally be capitalized, if the element is either:

  • A clause that can stand alone as a title and is sometimes used that way, as a short name: Template:Xt
  • A clearly separate or alternative title, expansion, or descriptive phrase, given in parentheses or following a colon or dash: Template:Xt, Template:Xt, [[Star Trek: The Motion Picture|Template:Xt]]

Do not capitalize a normally lower-cased word:

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}Template:Vanchor: If a work is known by its first line or few words of text (its {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), this is rendered in Template:Em, and will often be the Wikipedia article title. Examples:

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}Template:Vanchor varies, even over time within the same language. Retain the style of the original for modern works. For historical works, follow the dominant usage in modern, English-language, reliable sources. Examples:

  • [[Les Liaisons dangereuses|Template:Xt]] (French; the English title is [[Dangerous Liaisons (disambiguation)|Template:Xt]])
  • [[El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha|Template:Xt]] (Spanish; the English title is Template:Xt, or [[Don Quixote|Template:Xt]] for short)
  • [[List of compositions by Franz Schubert by genre#Smaller sacred works|Template:Xt]] (German; there is no English title, though it translates as Template:Xt)

Non-English titles should be wrapped in the Template:Tlx template with the proper ISO language code (the shortest available for the language or dialect in question), e.g.: {{lang|fr|Les Liaisons dangereuses}}. This is done inside surrounding quotation marks, for short/minor works. Since 2017, the template automatically italicizes non-English material in a Latin script, so for minor works Template:Para should be set to prevent the title from being italicized, e.g.: "{{lang|de|italic=no|Hymnus an den heiligen Geist}}". This is because non-English proper names, including titles of minor works, should not be in italics. See the template documentation for complicated markup situations, such as use within a piped link.

Series, franchise, and fictional universe names: Template:Crossref

Indefinite and definite articlesEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} A leading A, An, or The is preserved in the title of a work, including when preceded by a possessive or other construction that would eliminate the article in something other than a title, e.g.: Template:Xt; however, the is sometimes not part of the title itself, e.g.: [[Odyssey|Template:Xt]], [[Los Angeles Times|Template:Xt]] but [[The New York Times|Template:Xt]].

The leading article may be dropped when the title is used as a modifier: Template:Xt.

An indefinite or definite article is capitalized only when at the start of a title, subtitle, or embedded title or subtitle. For example, a book chapter titled "An Examination of The Americans: The Anachronisms in FX's Period Spy Drama" contains three capitalized leading articles (main title "An", embedded title "The", and subtitle "The").

TranslationsEdit

For works originally named in languages other than English, use WP:COMMONNAME to determine whether the original title or an English language version should be used as the article title. For works best known by their title in a language other than English, an English translation of that title may be helpful. If the work is also well known by an English title, give the English translation in parentheses following normal formatting for titles: Template:Xt. Where the work is not known by an English title, give the translation in parentheses without special formatting in sentence case: Template:Xt. In references, square brackets are used: Template:Xt.

Typographic effectsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Shortcuts Do not attempt (with HTML, Unicode, wikimarkup, inline images, or any other method) to emulate any purely typographic effects used in titles when giving the title in Wikipedia, though an article on a work may also include a note about how it is often styled, e.g., in marketing materials. When giving such a stylization, it is not italicized or placed in quotation marks as a title; this confuses readers, who are apt to think such markup is part of the stylization when it is not.

For typographic effects that do not represent actual mathematical or scientific usage, it is preferable to use HTML or wiki markup, not Unicode equivalents, for superscript and subscript. When giving a stylization, do not attempt to mimic specific fonts, font size quirks, uneven letter placement, coloration, letters replaced with images, unusual upper- or lower-casing, or other visual marketing Template:Crossref.

If a stylization that readers might look for can be created as an article title, redirect it to the actual article, and include Template:Tlx on the redirect page: ALIEN³.

Semantic markup and special characters in titles should be preserved when they convey meaning not just decoration, especially if omitting them would make the title difficult to understand or cause it to not copy-paste correctly. Examples:

Quotation marks simply used as a form of title stylization on a cover are removed. They are retained within a title when reliable sourcing demonstrates they indicate an actual quotation, or sarcasm, as in our article title for the song Are "Friends" Electric?. If the title is put into double quotation marks as a minor work, its interior quotation marks are rendered as single quotes: Template:Xt.Template:Efn When giving a quoted title that begins or ends with an interior quotation mark, the templates Template:Tlx and Template:Tlx, respectively, can be used to kern the double and single quotation marks apart for better readability; this should not be done inside citation templates, just in running prose. Interior quotation marks in an italicized title go within the italics.

Typographic conformityEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:See also

Generally, the guidelines on typographic conformity in quoted material also apply to titles of works, including normalization of dashes and quotation marks, conversion of various emphasis techniques, cleanup of punctuation, and use of italics for things like scientific names of species.

Some special considerations:

  • Inside a citation template, Template:Em use formatting templates like Template:Tlx or Template:Tlx, or raw HTML markup like Template:Tag, in the titles of the work, author(s) names, or any of the other parameters in which extended markup should be avoided. Using such code in them pollutes the COinS metadata emitted by the templates, for use with reference management software. To italicize or boldface something in a title, use basic wikimarkup, e.g.: Template:Mxt. It will be filtered out of the COinS metadata, as will wikilinks, but most other markup will not be.
  • An entirely boldfaced, all-caps, underlined, neon-green, or otherwise stylized title in the source material is not interpreted as a form of emphasis. This includes partial titles; e.g., a newspaper might have an in-house convention for all-caps in the first part of a title and all-lowercase in a subtitle: something like Template:!xt should be rendered on Wikipedia as Template:Xt or Template:Xt, depending on title-case or sentence-case for periodical sources in the citation style used in the article.
  • A particular specially treated word within an otherwise plain title probably will need markup, however. In such a case, convert any such highlighting to plain wiki ''...'' markup in a citation template, but Template:Tlx markup when the title is mentioned in running text, if the intent was emphasis. Italics used by convention to indicate a non-English expression, a legal case name, a movie title, a species scientific name, etc., are not emphasis and just take ''...'' markup.
  • Titles of works that should be italicized receive this treatment inside another title. E.g., convert a newspaper title like Template:!xt to Template:Xt. This includes in a citation template as well as in running text.
  • Abbreviations in titles of works should be left as-is, and do not need any linking or markup; if the abbreviation is contextually important, it should be treated in the main article prose. Use of the Template:Tlx template in particular should not be done in citation templates, except in the Template:Para parameter (which is free-form text and does not generate metadata).
  • Do not inject Template:Sic or the template Template:Tlx into a work title. If it seems important to use, do it after the title. Within a citation, it is better to use an HTML comment, e.g., Template:Para. Do not use the templated version of Template:Tlx inside citation template data at all, except in the Template:Para parameter.

Abbreviation of long titlesEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

When it is impractical to keep repeating a long title in the same article, it is permissible to use a source-attested abbreviation of it. This can be introduced in parentheses, with or without a parenthetical "hereafter", at an early occurrence in the page: Template:Xt. Some other examples include Template:Xt for the Oxford English Dictionary, Template:Xt for The Lord of the Rings, and Template:Xt for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. It is not necessary to use camel case, as in Template:Xtg, unless most of the reliable sources prefer such a spelling. Such an abbreviation need not be mentioned in the lead section of the article unless the work is very commonly known by the abbreviation (e.g., Template:Xt for the Grand Theft Auto video game series), or the lead is long and the abbreviation is needed in the lead.

A common convention in literary and film reviews is to use the first major word or two from the title (or subtitle, for franchise works) in the same manner, e.g., Template:Xt, for Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Although this approach may be also used on Wikipedia, it can seem unencyclopedically colloquial if used for works that have short titles to begin with. It is common to shorten a reference to a work in a series to just its subtitle on second and later mention, or when the context already makes it clear what the overarching title is. However, avoid this usage if confusion could occur, as when the abbreviated form could refer to another element in the same franchise that is also mentioned in our article (Template:!xt would not work well at our article on The Shannara Chronicles, because "Shannara" appears in the titles of the books on which the TV series is based). Abbreviated forms should be retained as-is in direct quotations, and may be clarified if necessary with square-bracketed editorial insertions.

In all cases, such abbreviations follow the italic or quotation-marked style of the full title.

Titles or what could be taken for titles Template:Em be trimmed, both in main text and in reference citations, to remove extraneous and reader-unhelpful injections. A common case is navigational website interface elements, such as breadcrumbs, hashtags, and keyword links appearing in front of or after the article title {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Another frequent example is author, department/column, or publication names put inline with the title. Less often, a website (especially in an officially bilingual country like Canada) may include an English title and a translation in another language as a co-title. Another case is marking exclamations, e.g., "Exclusive:" or "Breaking:" at the start, though sometimes tacked on at the end Template:Nowrap. Including these serves no encyclopedic or citation-verification purpose.

Credit abbreviationsEdit

Template:Crossref

See alsoEdit

{{Wikipedia:Manual of Style/titles hatnote include|where=MOS:TITLES}}

NotesEdit

Template:Notelist

Template:Style wide

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