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Internment

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File:Boercamp1.jpg
Boer women and children in a British concentration camp in South Africa (1899–1902)

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Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> or intent to file charges.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Thus, while it can simply mean imprisonment, it tends to refer to preventive confinement rather than confinement after having been convicted of some crime. Use of these terms is subject to debate and political sensitivities.<ref name=euph>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The word internment is also occasionally used to describe a neutral country's practice of detaining belligerent armed forces and equipment on its territory during times of war, under the Hague Convention of 1907.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Interned persons may be held in prisons or in facilities known as internment camps or concentration camps. The term concentration camp originates from the Spanish–Cuban Ten Years' War when Spanish forces detained Cuban civilians in camps in order to more easily combat guerrilla forces. Over the following decades the British during the Second Boer War and the Americans during the Philippine–American War also used concentration camps.

The terms concentration camp and internment camp are used to refer to a variety of systems that greatly differ in their severity, mortality rate, and architecture; their defining characteristic is that inmates are held outside the rule of law.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Extermination camps or death camps, whose primary purpose is killing, are also imprecisely referred to as concentration camps.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights restricts the use of internment, with Article 9 stating, "No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile."<ref>Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 9, United Nations</ref>

Defining internment and concentration campEdit

File:Fort Marr.JPG
Fort Marr is the last surviving remnant of the American forts used to intern the Cherokee in preparation for their removal to Indian Territory, months prior the "Trail of Tears".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
File:Weyler reconcentrados.png
Cuban victims of Spanish reconcentration policies, 1896.

The American Heritage Dictionary defines the term concentration camp as: "A camp where persons are confined, usually without hearings and typically under harsh conditions, often as a result of their membership in a group which the government has identified as dangerous or undesirable."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Although the first example of civilian internment may date as far back as the 1830s,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the English term concentration camp was first used in order to refer to the reconcentration camps (Spanish:reconcentrados) which were set up by the Spanish military in Cuba during the Ten Years' War (1868–1878).<ref name="Columbia">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> The label was applied yet again to camps set up by the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> And expanded usage of the concentration camp label continued, when the British set up camps during the Second Boer War (1899–1902) in South Africa for interning Boers during the same time period.<ref name="Columbia" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During the 20th century, the arbitrary internment of civilians by the state reached its most extreme forms in the Soviet Gulag system of concentration camps (1918–1991)<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the Nazi concentration camps (1933–1945). The Soviet system was the first applied by a government on its own citizens.<ref name=":0" /> The Gulag consisted in over 30,000 camps for most of its existence (1918–1991) and detained some 18 million from 1929 until 1953,<ref name=":1" /> which is only a third of its 73-year lifespan. The Nazi concentration camp system was extensive, with as many as 15,000 camps<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} and Template:Cite book. In this online site are the names of 149 camps and 814 subcamps, organized by country.</ref> and at least 715,000 simultaneous internees.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The total number of casualties in these camps is difficult to determine, but the deliberate policy of extermination through labor in many of the camps was designed to ensure that the inmates would die of starvation, untreated disease and summary executions within set periods of time.<ref name="Marek Przybyszewski">Template:Cite book</ref> Moreover, Nazi Germany established six extermination camps, specifically designed to kill millions of people, primarily by gassing.<ref name="Gellately2001">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

File:Buchenwald Slave Laborers Liberation.jpg
Jewish slave laborers at the Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar photographed after their liberation by the Allies on 16 April 1945

As a result, the term "concentration camp" is sometimes conflated with the concept of an "extermination camp" and historians debate whether the term "concentration camp" or the term "internment camp" should be used to describe other examples of civilian internment.<ref name=euph/>

The "concentration camp" label continues to see expanded use for cases post-World War II, for instance in relation to British camps in Kenya during the Mau Mau rebellion (1952–1960),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and camps set up in Chile during the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (1973–1990).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to the United States Department of Defense as many as 3 million Uyghurs and members of other Muslim minority groups are being held in China's re-education camps which are located in the Xinjiang region and which American news reports often label as concentration camps.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The camps were established in the late 2010s under Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping's administration.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

ImpactEdit

Scholars have debated the efficacy of internment as a counterinsurgency tactic. A 2023 study found that internment during the Irish war of independence led to greater grievances among Irish rebels and led them to fight longer in the war.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

ExamplesEdit

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ActiveEdit

File:Xinjiang Internment Map, US-Aus Gov Assessment.jpg
Map of the Xinjiang internment camps in China based on data collected by the US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute

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ClosedEdit

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See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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