Jaimini
Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox philosopher Template:Hindu philosophy Jaimini was an ancient Indian scholar who founded the Mīmāṃsā school of Hindu philosophy. He is the son of Parāśara and is considered to be a disciple of sage Vyasa. Traditionally attributed to be the author of the Mimamsa Sutras<ref name="James Lochtefeld 2002">James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2, Rosen Publishing, Template:ISBN, pages 438, 437-438, 746</ref><ref name=sradhakrish22/> and the Jaimini Sutras,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> he is estimated to have lived around 4th to 2nd century BCE.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="James Lochtefeld" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some scholars place him between 250 BCE and 50 CE.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His school is considered non-theistic,<ref name=fxc3>FX Clooney (1997), What’s a god? The quest for the right understanding of devatā in Brāhmaṅical ritual theory (Mīmāṃsā), International Journal of Hindu Studies, August 1997, Volume 1, Issue 2, pages 337-385</ref> but emphasizes ritual parts of the Vedas as essential to dharma.<ref name=bilimoria>P. Bilimoria (2001), Hindu doubts about God: Towards Mimamsa Deconstruction, in Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy (Editor: Roy Perrett), Volume 4, Routledge, Template:ISBN, pages 87-106</ref> Jaimini is known for his studies of the older Vedic rituals.
Jaimini's guru was Badarayana,<ref name=sradhakrish22>Template:Cite book</ref> who founded the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. He is also credited with authoring the Brahma Sutras.<ref name=pauldeussentsvp20>Paul Deussen, The System of the Vedanta: According to Badarayana's Brahma-Sutras and Shankara's Commentary thereon, Translator: Charles Johnston, Template:ISBN, page 20</ref> Both Badarayana and Jaimini quoted each other as they analyzed each other's theories. Badarayana emphasises knowledge, while Jaimini emphasises rituals. They sometimes agree with each other, sometimes disagree, and often present antithesis to each other.<ref name=pauldeussentsvp20/>
Jaimini's contributions to textual analysis and exegesis influenced other schools of Indian philosophies. The most studied bhashya (reviews and commentaries) on Jaimini's texts were written by scholars named Shabara, Kumarila, and Prabhakara.<ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2, Rosen Publishing, Template:ISBN, pages 438, 616</ref>
WorksEdit
Jaimini's Mimamsa emerged in a time when traditional Vedic beliefs were losing their persuasive power. It was no longer taken for granted that sacrifices pleased deities, maintained the universe, or that the Vedas were infallible. Buddhist, Jain, and skeptical perspectives questioned the significance of sacrifices, while some adherents continued their practice despite doubts. This challenged the notion of a comprehensive understanding of rituals. In his works, Jaimini sought to address these criticisms.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Purva Mimamsa SutrasEdit
Jaimini is most known for his great treatise Purva Mimamsa Sutras, also called Karma-mimamsa (“Study of Ritual Action”), a system that investigates the rituals in the Vedic texts. The text founded the Purva-Mimamsa (Mimamsa) school of Indian philosophy, one of the six Darsanas or schools of Indian philosophy.
Dated to around the 4th century BCE, the text contains about 3,000 sutras and is the foundational text of the Mimamsa school.<ref name="James Lochtefeld 2002"/> The text aims at an exegesis of the Vedas with regard to ritual practice (karma) and religious duty (dharma), commenting on the early Upanishads. Jaimini's Mimamsa is eminently ritualist (karma-kanda) in comparison to the metaphysical focus on knowledge of the Self (Atman) and Brahman of the Vedanta philosophy.<ref name=sradhakrish22/><ref name=pauldeussentsvp20/> His Mimamsa Sutra was commented upon by many, of which Śābara was among the earliest.<ref>Purva Mimamsa Sutras of Jaimini Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2, Rosen Publishing, Template:ISBN, page 616</ref>
Jaimini BharataEdit
Jaimini also wrote a version of the Mahabharata narrated to him by his preceptor Vyasa, but today, only the Ashvamedhika Parva and the Shasramukhacaritam of his work are available.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His version of the Mahabharata is titled Jaimini Bharata.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was translated into English in 2 volumes along with the Mairavanacaritam by the retired Brigadier General Shekhar Kumar Sen and Dr. Pradeep Bhattachaarya who is also the editor of the translation.
Jaimini's Mahabharata is different from Vyasa's because it is more focused on Yuddhishthira's Ashwamedha and the reconstruction of peace between the children of enemies such as Karna, Jayadratha, and Shakuni. It also emphasizes the value of worshipping Krishna as an avatar of Vishnu. Jaimini Bharata is also known as Jaimini-ashwamedha.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>
Other mentionsEdit
SamavedaEdit
When sage Veda Vyasa classified ancient Vedic hymns into four parts based on their use in sacrificial rites and taught them to his four chief disciples – Paila, Vaisampayana, Jaimini, and Sumantu, the Samaveda was transmitted to sage Jaimini.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Markandeya PuranaEdit
One of the major Puranas, the Markandeya Purana, opens with a dialogue between sage Jaimini and Markandeya and discusses philosophy, theology, cosmology, cosmogony, dharma, and karma.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Brahmanda PuranaEdit
It is mentioned in the first chapter of the Brahmanda Purana that the Brahmanda Purana is a story that Jaimini is telling King Hiranyanabha at Naimisharanya.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>
MahabharataEdit
Jaimini has also appears in many parts of the Mahabharata. For instance, in Adi Parva, chapter 53, stanza 6, Jaimini is said to be present during Janamejaya's sarpasatra, the yagna (sacrificial ritual) he performed to kill all serpents out of vengeance for his father Parikshit's death. Furthermore, stanza 11 in chapter 4 of the Sabha Parva says that Jaimini was a part of Yudhishthira's council. He even visited Bhishma as he lay on the bed of arrows during the war, according to Shanti Parva, chapter 46, stanza 7.<ref name=":2" />
One story connecting Jaimini with the Mahabharata is that after hearing the narration of the Mahabharata from his teacher Vyasa, the author of the Mahabharata, Jaimini was confused. Since Vyasa was not around to clear his confusions, he went to Markandeya. However, by the time he went to him, Markandeya had abandoned speech. The disciples of Markandeya directed Jaimini to four birds who had witnessed the great eighteen-day Mahabharata war. The mother of those four birds was flying above the battlefield of the great war when she was pierced by an arrow which ripped open her womb. Four eggs fell out and safely landed onto the Kurukshetra ground, which had been softened as it was blood-soaked. An elephant's bell fell on the four birds and covered them protectively, keeping the eggs safe throughout the remainder of the war. After the war, they were discovered by rishis who realized that the four birds had heard much during the war and had knowledge that no other human had so blessed them with human speech. Jaimini went to those four birds and was able to clear is doubts and confusions.<ref name=":1" />