James Inglis Hamilton

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General James Inglis Hamilton<ref name="name-note">In his obituary, he is called "James Inglis Hamilton"; however, on the British Army Lists and the Cambridge parole he is listed as just "James Hamilton".</ref> (1728 – 27 July 1803) was a Scottish soldier. He enlisted in the British Army in 1755 and commanded several regiments. He was the only colonel of the 113th Regiment of Foot. During the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), Hamilton fought in the Siege of Fort St Philip, the Raid on St Malo, and the Capture of Belle Île.

In the American War of Independence (1775–1783), Hamilton fought in the Invasion of Canada and the Battle of Freeman's Farm, commanding the middle column during the latter. He was in the Convention Army, imprisoned in Cambridge, Massachusetts after its surrender following the Battles of Saratoga. While a prisoner of war, he adopted James Hamilton, the son of a non-commissioned officer in the British Army.

After his brother's death, Hamilton took over Murdostoun, where he renovated the castle extensively. Under the 15th Regiment of Foot, Hamilton participated in Battle of Martinique as well as the Invasion of Guadeloupe in the French Revolutionary Wars. He died on 27 July 1803 at Murdostoun and is buried at Kirk O' Shotts graveyard. His adopted son took over Murdostoun before dying at the Battle of Waterloo.

Early lifeEdit

Very little is known of Hamilton's early life. He was the third son of Alexander (died 1768)<ref name="Blake1039">Blake, et al., p. 1039</ref> and Margaret Hamilton (died 1742).<ref name="Blake1039" /> His two older brothers were Alexander (died 1783)<ref name="Ross362">Ross, p. 362</ref> and Gavin Hamilton (1723–1798),<ref name="Blake1039" /> the latter a painter and archeologist in Rome.<ref name="Myrone52">Myrone, p. 52</ref> Inglis was added to the family name in 1719 as a condition of the will by which Alexander Inglis bequeathed Murdostoun to his nephew Alexander Hamilton, James's father.<ref name="Blake1039" />

Seven Years' WarEdit

Hamilton enlisted in the British Army on 28 February 1755 and was stationed at Portsmouth.<ref name="Army96">Army list, p. 96</ref> He first saw action in June 1756 at the Siege of Fort St Philip, part of the Seven Years' War.<ref name="Drake402">Drake, p.402</ref> Assigned to the 34th Regiment of Foot,<ref name="Burgoyne23" /> he was one of the 2,800 British soldiers fighting under the command of William Blakeney against 15,000 Frenchmen under the Duke de Richelieu and Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière.<ref name="Borneman63">Borneman, p. 63</ref> The French sailed to Fort St. Philip and forced the British to surrender. During the siege, Admiral John Byng sailed there with a relief group, hoping to save the island for the British, but was unsuccessful.<ref name="Borneman63" /> The French killed or wounded 400 British in the French victory.<ref name="Borneman63" />

File:Attaque et prise de Belle-Isle en 1761.jpeg

The British fleet attacks and captures Belle Île in 1761.

Hamilton fought in the Raid on St Malo in June 1758.<ref name="Burgoyne22">Burgoyne (1860), p. 22</ref><ref name="Hadden468">Hadden, et al., p. 468</ref> The British landed near St Malo, at first planning to attack the town. However, they decided to destroy shipping first and attack the town later.<ref name="Anderson299">Anderson, p. 299</ref> Finding that to occupy the town would require a full siege, for which they had insufficient troops, they occupied St Servan, where they burned over one hundred vessels including thirty privateers.<ref name="Steele210">Steele & Rhoden, p. 210</ref> British ships retreated after seeing a large French force, but sailed around the coast for a few weeks seeking another place to attack. Even though the Raid on St Malo was small and little damage was done, it is considered a British victory.<ref name="Anderson300">Anderson, p. 300</ref>

In 1761, Hamilton took part in the Capture of Belle Île<ref name="Drake402" /> as one of the 5,000 British troops led by Studholme Hodgson.<ref name="Hunt15">Hunt & Poole, p. 15</ref> The first attempt by the British was unsuccessful and lost approximately 500 troops.<ref name="Hunt15" /> With reinforcements, a second attempt succeeded on 7 June 1761.<ref name="Hunt15" />

On 17 October 1761,<ref name="Hadden468-469">Hadden, et al., pp. 468–469</ref> while holding the rank of major,<ref name="113thUKArchives">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hamilton became major commandant (colonel) of the 113th Regiment of Foot.<ref name="Adam452">Adam & Innes, p. 452</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was formed from independent companies and served as a depot for sending drafts to Highland regiments serving overseas. The regiment disbanded in 1763, and Hamilton retired on half pay.<ref name="Hadden468-469" /> He became a lieutenant-colonel on 25 May 1772.<ref name="Hadden469">Hadden, et al., p. 469</ref>

American War of IndependenceEdit

In 1774, Hamilton commanded the 21st Regiment of Foot in the American War of Independence;<ref name="murdostoun-history">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> General John Burgoyne said that he "was the whole time engaged and acquitted himself with great honor, activity, and good conduct."<ref name="Burgoyne1780-49">Burgoyne (1780), p.49</ref> Early in 1776, while in the 21st Regiment, Hamilton accompanied General Guy Carleton in the British response to the Continental Army's 1775 invasion of Quebec.<ref name="Hadden469" /> On 15 September 1776 he was appointed temporary commander of the 1st Brigade when Brigadier General Nesbit fell ill.<ref name="Hadden469" /> Upon Nesbit's death, Hamilton was promoted to brigadier.<ref name="Hadden469" /> He was assigned to the 2nd Brigade, which consisted of the 34th, 53rd, 62nd, and 20th Regiments of Foot.<ref name="Ketchum136">Ketchum, p. 136</ref> It was originally intended to include Hamilton's 21st Regiment of Foot in the brigade, but it was replaced by the 53rd.<ref name="Hadden469" />

Saratoga campaignEdit

Hamilton helped General Burgoyne organize troops for his campaign to divide the rebellious provinces.<ref name="Hadden469" /> He was assigned to the 1st Brigade, comprising the 9th, 47th, and 53rd Regiments of Foot.<ref name="Hadden469" /> Later, when Henry Watson Powell transported the 62nd Regiment to Fort Ticonderoga, the 1st and 2nd Brigades were amalgamated.<ref name="Hadden469" />

On 19 September 1777, in Stillwater, New York, Hamilton commanded 1,100 men of the centre column, consisting of the 9th, 20th, 21st, and 62nd Regiments of Foot, which attacked the heights at the Battle of Freeman's Farm.<ref name="Stephenson303-304">Stephenson, pp. 303–304</ref> His column was arrayed with the 21st on the right, the 20th on the left, the 62nd in the middle, and the 9th in reserve.<ref name="Nickerson310">Nickerson, p. 310</ref> To his left, Friedrich Adolf Riedesel commanded the 47th Regiment of Foot and some German troops.<ref name="Ketchum357">Ketchum, p. 357</ref> To Hamilton's right, Simon Fraser commanded the 24th Regiment of Foot along with light infantry and grenadiers.<ref name="Ketchum357" /> Even though Hamilton was considered the commander, Burgoyne led the attack.<ref name="patriot-resource">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Encampment of the convention army at Charlotte Ville in Virginia.jpg

Encampment of the convention army at Charlotteville in Virginia after they had surrendered to the Americans.

The centre column migrated toward the southwest to meet up with the right column.<ref name="americanwars101" /> During the battle, Colonel Daniel Morgan of the United States led a charge, but Hamilton's men turned it back and the British won the battle.<ref name="americanwars101" /> Burgoyne had gained the field of battle, but suffered nearly 600 casualties,<ref name="americanwars101">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> mostly in Hamilton's centre column, where the 62nd was reduced to the size of a single company and three-quarters of the artillery men were killed or wounded.<ref name="Ketchum369–369">Ketchum, pp. 368–369</ref> American losses were nearly 300 killed and seriously wounded.<ref name="Nickerson319">Nickerson, p. 319</ref>

In the next battle, the Battle of Bemis Heights, Hamilton was not as engaged as he was at Freeman's Farm. He was the guard of the camp near the heights.<ref name="Anburey436">Anburey, p. 436</ref> He was in the Convention Army that surrendered after the battle,<ref name="Drake402" /> among about 5,900 troops that surrendered at Saratoga.<ref name="Morrissey86">Morrissey, p. 86</ref> The prisoners arrived at Cambridge, Massachusetts on 8 November 1777.<ref name="Burgoyne23">Burgoyne (1860), p. 23</ref> William Phillips commanded the Convention Army until he was exchanged for American General Benjamin Lincoln in 1780; then Hamilton became the commander.<ref name="Hadden470" /> While a prisoner of war, Hamilton adopted a boy named Jamie Anderson (1777–1815), the son of Sergeant Major William Anderson of the 21st Foot.<ref name="Summerville189–193">Summerville, pp. 189–193</ref> Hamilton name was "signed to the parole given by the officers ... in December".<ref name="Burgoyne23"/> The Convention Army had to move to Charlottesville, Virginia and arrived around January 1779.<ref name="historical-markers">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hamilton was released on 3 September 1781,<ref name="Almon64">Almon & Pownall, p. 64</ref> subject to the condition that he could not travel to America until the war was over.<ref name="CeonventionArmy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Later lifeEdit

File:Murdostoun Castle - geograph.org.uk - 150219.jpg

Murdostoun Castle (2006). Hamilton made modifications to it, and it is where he died.

After his exchange, Hamilton returned to Britain,<ref name="Hadden470" /> where he funded his adopted son's education at Glasgow University.<ref name="Summerville189–193" /> Because of his high rank, Hamilton was able to obtain a commission for his son, who became a cornet in 1792.<ref name="Summerville189–193" /> The boy changed his name to James Hamilton when he enlisted in the British Army.<ref name="Dalton59">Dalton, p. 59</ref>

Around 1790, Hamilton made various renovations to Murdostoun: filling the turret staircase and the old dungeons, adding a parapet running round the roof-line, and changing the original courtyard.<ref name="Murdostoun">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On his brother Galvin's death in 1798, Hamilton took over Murdostoun. He came to be considered as one of the most influential freeholders in Lanarkshire.<ref name="murdostoun-history" />

Hamilton was the colonel of the 15th Regiment of Foot from 22 August 1792 to 1794, during which he took part in the 1790s West Indies Campaign. The 15th Foot was awarded the battle honour Martinique 1794 (5 February – 25 March).<ref name="Baker-258" /> During the battle, the 15th Foot was a part of the First Brigade, which consisted of the 39th and 43rd Regiment of Foot and was led by Sir C. Gordon.<ref name="Fortescue-345">Fortescue, p. 345</ref>

The regiment also saw service at Guadeloupe (12 April) the same year.<ref name="Baker-258">Baker, p. 256</ref> He was colonel of his old regiment, the 21st Foot, from 1794 to 1803.<ref name="GreatBritainWarOffice776" /> While with them he was promoted to lieutenant-general on 26 January 1797 and to full general on 29 April 1802.<ref name="Hadden470">Hadden, et al., p. 470</ref> Hamilton died on his estate in Scotland on 27 July 1803.<ref name="Urban791">Urban, p. 791</ref> On 18 August 1803, his son, who was his only heir, took over Murdostoun.<ref name="Dunbar3">Dunbar, p. 3</ref> James was killed while commanding the Royal Scots Greys at the Battle of Waterloo.<ref name="Dunbar3" />