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Jan Matejko

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Jan Alojzy Matejko ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; also known as Jan Mateyko; 24 June 1838Template:Refn – 1 November 1893) was a Polish painter, a leading 19th-century exponent of history painting, known for depicting nodal events from Polish history.<ref name="TPaP"/><ref name="MioPa"/> His works include large scale oil paintings such as Stańczyk (1862), Rejtan (1866), Union of Lublin (1869), Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God (1873),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or Battle of Grunwald (1878). He was the author of numerous portraits, a gallery of Polish monarchs in book form, and murals in St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków. He is considered by many as the most celebrated Polish painter, and sometimes as the "national painter" of Poland.<ref name="TPaP" /><ref name="MioPa" /><ref name="Reddaway1971">Template:Cite book</ref>

Matejko spent most of his life in Kraków. He enrolled at the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts at age fourteen, where he studied under notable artists such as Wojciech Korneli Stattler and Władysław Łuszczkiewicz and completed his first major historical painting in 1853. His early exposure to revolutions in Kraków and the military service of his brothers influenced his artistic themes. After studying art in Munich and Vienna, he returned to Kraków and set up a studio. He gradually gained recognition, selling key paintings that settled his debts and created some of his most famous works, including Stańczyk and Skarga's Sermon. Matejko's art played a key role in promoting Polish history and national identity at a time when Poland was partitioned and lacked political autonomy.

At the same time, Matejko's painting style has been criticised as old-fashioned and overly theatrical, labeled as "antiquarian realism". His works often lost their nuanced historical significance when displayed abroad due to the audience's unfamiliarity with Polish history. Matejko's support for the Polish cause was not just through his art; he also contributed financially and materially to the January Uprising of 1863. Later, he became director of the art academy in Kraków, which was eventually renamed the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts. A number of his students became prominent artists in their own right, including Maurycy Gottlieb, Jacek Malczewski, Józef Mehoffer and Stanisław Wyspiański. He received several honors during his lifetime, including the French Légion d'honneur. Matejko was among the notable people to receive an unsolicited letter from the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, as the latter tipped, in January 1889, into his psychotic breakdown while in Turin.<ref>Matejko Adressat des Briefes Den erlauchten Polen vom 4. Januar 1889 (in German)</ref><ref>Nietzsches Briefe, Ausgewählte Korrespondenz, Wahnzettel 1889</ref>

BiographyEdit

YouthEdit

Matejko was born on 24 June 1838, in the Free City of Kraków.<ref name="TPaP"/> His father, Franciszek Ksawery Matejko (Template:Langx) (born 1789 or 13 January 1793, died 26 October 1860), a Czech from the village of Roudnice, was a graduate of the Hradec Králové school who later became a tutor and music teacher.<ref name="TPaP"/> He first worked for the Wodzicki family in Kościelniki, Poland, then moved to Kraków, where he married the half-German, half-Polish Joanna Karolina Rossberg (Rozberg).<ref name="TPaP"/> Jan was the ninth of eleven children. His mother died when he was very young and his older brother, Franciszek had a hand in the manner of his upbringing.<ref name="szypowska12">Template:Cite book</ref> He grew up in a kamienica building on Floriańska Street.<ref name="szypowska11">Template:Cite book</ref> After the death of his mother in 1845, Jan and his siblings were cared for by his maternal aunt, Anna Zamojska.<ref name="szypowska12"/>

File:Rodzeństwo Matejki.jpeg
Portrait of Matejko's father, Franciszek, and three of his children, 1853, National Museum, Wrocław
File:Jan Matejko Museum, Kraków, Poland, September 2019.jpg
Matejko's family home at 41, Floriańska Street

At a young age he witnessed the Kraków revolution of 1846 and the 1848 siege of Kraków by the Austrians, two events which put an end to the Free City of Kraków.<ref name="TPaP"/> Two of his older brothers served in both armed conflicts, under General Józef Bem. One of them, Edmund, fell in battle and the other was forced into exile.<ref name="TPaP"/> Matejko attended St. Anne's High School, but he dropped out in 1851 because of poor grades. Matejko showed an early artistic talent, but had great difficulty with other academic subjects.<ref name="szypowska182223">Template:Cite book</ref> He never fully mastered a foreign language.<ref name="szypowska18">Template:Cite book</ref> Despite that, and because of his exceptional skill, at the age of fourteen he entered the School of Fine Arts in Kraków, where he was a contemporary of Artur Grottger from 1852 to 1858.<ref name="TPaP"/> His teachers included Wojciech Korneli Stattler and Władysław Łuszczkiewicz.<ref name="szypowska25">Template:Cite book</ref> He opted for historical painting as his specialism, and finished his first major work, The Shuyski Tsars before Zygmunt III (Carowie Szujscy przed Zygmuntem III), in 1853 (he would return to this theme a year before his death, in 1892.<ref name="MatejkoMalinowski1993">Template:Cite book [Google Books does not display page number for this book]</ref><ref name="szypowska25"/><ref name=psb185/> During this time, he began exhibiting historical paintings at the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts from 1855.<ref name=psb185>Bochnak (1975), p. 185</ref> His graduation project in 1858 was Sigismund I the Old ennobles professors of the Jagiellonian University (Zygmunt I nadaje szlachectwo profesorom Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego) and proved to be seminal.<ref name="szypowska39">Template:Cite book</ref>

After graduation in 1859,<ref name="szypowska39"/> Matejko received a scholarship to study with Hermann Anschütz at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich.<ref name=psb185/> The following year he received a further scholarship to study at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, but after only a few days and a major quarrel with Christian Ruben, Matejko returned to Kraków.<ref name=psb186/> He set up a studio at his family home in Floriańska Street.<ref name=psb186/> It took years before he met with commercial success. He struggled as the proverbial "starving artist", who finally celebrated when he managed to sell the Shuyski Tsars... canvas for five florins.<ref name="TPaP"/>

In 1860, against a background of cultural erosion in partitioned Poland Matejko published an illustrated album, Clothing in Poland (Ubiory w Polsce), a project reflecting his intense interest in the historical record of his nation and his desire to promote it among Polish people and incidentally stir their patriotism.<ref name=psb186/> His financial situation improved when he sold two paintings, The assassination of Wapowski during the coronation of Henri de Valois (Zabicie Wapowskiego w czasie koronacji Henryka Walezego, 1861) and Jan Kochanowski over the body of his daughter Urszulka (Jan Kochanowski nad zwłokami Urszulki, 1862), which settled his debts.<ref name="szypowska78">Template:Cite book</ref> 1862 saw the completion of his Stańczyk, initially received without much acclaim, but in due course becoming one of Matejko's best known works.<ref name="szypowska85">Template:Cite book</ref> It marks a manifest departure in Matejko's art, from mere illustrator of history to commentator upon its moral content.<ref name=psb186/>

File:Jan Matejko, Stańczyk.jpg
Jan Matejko, Stańczyk, 1862, National Museum in Warsaw
File:Matejko-Dzieci.jpg
Portrait of the artist's four children from 1879, Lviv National Art Gallery

During the January Uprising of 1863, in which he did not directly take part on account of his poor health, Matejko supported it financially, donating most of his savings to the cause, and personally transporting arms to an insurgents' camp.<ref name=psb186>Bochnak (1975), p. 186</ref> Subsequently, his Skarga's Sermon (Kazanie Skargi), May 1864, was exhibited in the gallery of the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts, which gained him much publicity.<ref name=psb186/> On 5 November that same year, he was elected member of the Kraków Scientific Society (Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie) in recognition for his contributions to depicting great national historical themes.<ref name="Słoczyński2000">Template:Cite book</ref> On 21 November he married Teodora Giebułtowska, with whom he went on to have five children: Beata, Helena, Tadeusz, Jerzy and Regina.<ref name=psb186/> His daughter, Helena, also an artist, later helped World War I victims and was awarded the Cross of Independence by President Stanisław Wojciechowski.<ref name="Helena z Matejków Unierzyska"/>

Rise to fameEdit

File:Akademia Sztuk Pięknych przy Placu Matejki.jpg
The Kraków Academy of Fine Arts was named in honour of Matejko in 1979, where he served as president for many years
File:Atelier Jana Matejki. post 1906 (81857191) (cropped).jpg
Jan Matejko's atelier

After 1865 Matejko's international recognition grew. His Skarga's Sermon was awarded a gold medal at the 1865 Paris Salon, prompting Count Template:ILL to buy it for 10,000 florins.<ref name="TPaP"/> In 1867, his painting Rejtan was awarded a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris and was acquired by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria for 50,000 franks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Matejko1993-1963">Template:Cite book</ref> His next major painting was the Union of Lublin (Unia Lubelska), created during 1867–1869. Acclaimed in Paris, it won Matejko the Cross of the Légion d'honneur.<ref name=psb187>Bochnak (1975), p. 187</ref> and was purchased by the Sejm of Galicia.<ref name=psb188/> It was followed by Stefan Batory at Pskov (Stefan Batory pod Pskowem), finished in 1871.<ref name=psb187/> In 1872, he visited Istanbul and upon his return to Kraków finished The Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God (Astronom Kopernik, czyli rozmowa z Bogiem), which was acquired by the Jagiellonian University.<ref name=psb187/> From the 1870s onwards he was aided by a secretary, Marian Gorzkowski, who became his personal assistant, his closest friend, a model for a number of his paintings, and the author of a memoir about Matejko.<ref name=psb188/><ref name="WyspiańskiRydlowa1994">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1872, during an exhibition in Prague he was offered the directorship of the Prague Academy of Fine Arts, quickly followed by a similar offer from the Kraków School of Fine Arts.<ref name=psb187/> He accepted the Kraków position, and was for many years its principal (rector).<ref name=psb187/> In 1874, he finished Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta (The Hanging of the Sigismund bell).<ref name=WM/> In 1878, he produced another masterpiece, The Battle of Grunwald.<ref name=psb188>Bochnak (1975), p. 188</ref> That year he received an "honorary grand gold" medal in Paris, while Kraków city council presented him with a ceremonial scepter, as a symbol of his "royal status in fine art".<ref name=psb188/> In 1879 came his Rok 1863 - Polonia (The Year 1863 - Polonia), his depiction of the January Uprising. Begun in 1864 as the Uprising was waning, he abandoned the canvas for a number of years, perhaps due to the loss of several close friends and family members in the conflict. It languished unfinished until prince Władysław Czartoryski became interested in acquiring it. To this day it is considered unfinished.<ref name=psb186/><ref name="Sztuki1979">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Treter1939">Template:Cite book</ref>

1880-1882 were taken up with another large work, The Prussian Tribute (Hołd Pruski) which Matejko gifted to "the Polish nation". It earned him the honorary citizenship of Kraków.<ref name=psb188/> One of the city's squares was renamed Matejko Square.<ref name=psb188/> In 1883 he finished Jan Sobieski at Vienna (Jan Sobieski pod Wiedniem) which came to be presented to Pope Leo XIII as a "gift of the Polish nation".<ref name=psb185/><ref name=psb188/> Being a member of the delegation delivering the canvas to Rome, Matejko was awarded the Knight Commander with Star of the Order of Pius IX.<ref name=psb189>Bochnak (1975), p. 189</ref> The painting is on permanent exhibition in the Sobieski Room at the Vatican Museums.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Around that time he also became vocal on a number of political issues, publishing letters on topics such as Polish-Russian relations.<ref name=psb189/> He was also very engaged in efforts to protect and reconstruct historical monuments in Kraków.<ref name=psb190/> In 1886, he finished a painting relating to French rather than Polish history, The Virgin of Orléans, a portrayal of Joan of Arc.<ref name=psb189/><ref name="RadvanAsmus2010">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1887 Matejko received an honorary doctorate from the Jagiellonian University, and recognition from the Austrian Society, Litteris et Artibus.<ref name=psb189/> In 1888 he completed The Battle of Racławice (Bitwa pod Racławicami).<ref name=psb189/> In 1888-1899, to justify his new academic title, he published a group of twelve drawings with accompanying commentary, The History of civilisation in Poland (Dzieje Cywilizacji w Polsce).<ref name=WM/><ref name=psb189/> Between 1890 and 1892, he published a series of works on paper, portraying all the monarchs of Poland (Poczet królów i książąt polskich - The kings and princes of Poland, including queens), whose popularity turned them into the canon portrayals of their subjects.<ref name=psb189/><ref name="Ciciora-Czwórnóg2005">Template:Cite book</ref> 1891 marked his Constitution of the 3 May (Konstytucja 3 Maja).<ref name=psb189/> He went on to compose another large scale work, The Oaths of Jan Kazimierz (Śluby Jana Kazimierza), but death intervened.<ref name=psb189/> In 1892, a year before his death, he completed his Self-portrait (Autoportret).<ref name=psb189/>

Portraits and other workEdit

File:Matejko Self-portrait.jpg
Matejko Self-portrait, 1892, National Museum in Warsaw
File:St. Mary’s Basilica - presbytery.jpg
St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków interior - Matejko's decorative murals and vault

In addition to the history paintings Matejko was a prolific portraitist.<ref name=psb189/> His subjects included Jagiellonian University rectors Józef Szujski and Stanisław Tarnowski, and numerous portraits of family and friends, including Wife in her wedding dress ("Żona w sukni ślubnej") (1865, destroyed by his wife during a quarrel and recreated in 1879) and a self-portrait (1892).<ref name=psb189/> Altogether Matejko authored 320 oil paintings and several thousand drawings and watercolours.<ref>Template:Cite book Kunsthalle Nürnberg, 26.3.-25.4.1982, Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig, 16.5.-27.6.1982, Städt. Wessenberg-Gemäldegalerie, Konstanz, 11.7.-15.8.1982.</ref> He also designed the monumental polychrome murals for the Brick Gothic St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków (1889–1891), which in 1978 became a UNESCO World Heritage Site alongside the Historic Centre of Kraków.<ref name="Serafińska1958">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="FYPAC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

DeathEdit

File:Rakowice Cemetery, tomb of Jan Matejko, 26 Rakowicka street, Kraków, Poland.jpg
Matejko's tomb, Rakowicki Cemetery, Kraków

Matejko suffered from a peptic ulcer, and died in Kraków on 1 November of internal bleeding.<ref name=psb190/> His funeral on 5 November drew large crowds, and his death was newsworthy in at least thirty two European newspapers.<ref name="szypowska428">Template:Cite book</ref> He was buried in Kraków's Rakowicki Cemetery.<ref name=psb190>Bochnak (1975), p. 190</ref>

Significance, style and themesEdit

He is counted among the most significant of Polish painters,<ref name="TPaP"/><ref name="MioPa"/> and considered by many as "Poland's greatest history painter"<ref name="Reddaway1971"/> or as "a cult figure for the nation at large... [already] by the time of his death.".<ref name=WM/> Wilhelm von Kaulbach and his "historical symbolism" style had a profound influence on Matejko. This aimed not so much at an exact representation of past events, but gave the artist freedom to interpret and opened the possibility to blend historical data within a chosen perspective. Matejko's technique in the Neoclassical genre has been praised for its "luminosity, detail and imagination".<ref name=WM/><ref name="Ciciora" >{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (PDF; 261 kB)</ref>

He succeeded in propagating Polish history, and fostering the memory of an erstwhile historic state lost to the world, while his country remained carved up between three European powers which afforded its Polish natives no prospect of political self-determination.<ref name="TPaP"/> His works, disseminated through thousands of reproductions, have become standard illustrations of the many key events in Polish history.<ref name="TPaP"/><ref name="MioPa"/> His 1860 illustrated album, Ubiory w Polsce (Costume in Poland), is seen as a valuable historical reference.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Criticism and controversyEdit

Critics of his work have pointed to his use of traditional, outdated or bombastic painting style, discrediting him for "antiquarian realism" and "theatrical effects".<ref name="Lerski1996">Template:Cite book</ref> At exhibitions abroad, the nuanced historical context of his works was often lost on foreign audiences.<ref name=psb185/><ref name=WM/> Occasionally his paintings would cause controversy. For example, Rejtan offended a number of prominent members of the Polish nobility, who saw the painting as an indictment of their entire social class.<ref name=psb187/><ref name=WM/> His paintings were subject to censorship in the Russian Empire. Nazi Germany planned to destroy both The Battle of Grunwald and The Prussian Homage, which the authorities saw as an offence against the German view of history. They formed part of the very many Polish paintings and art which the Germans planned to destroy in their war on Polish culture, but the Polish resistance successfully hid both.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

AwardsEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LegacyEdit

File:Krzesławice Dworek Jana Matejki1.JPG
Matejko's manor house in Krzesławice, now a museum

Matejko's aim was to focus on major themes in Polish history using historical sources to paint events in minute historical detail.<ref name="Chilvers2004">Template:Cite book</ref> His earliest paintings are purely historical depictions without didactic content.<ref name=psb186/> The later works, starting with Stańczyk (1862), are intended to inspire the viewer with a patriotic message.<ref name=psb186/><ref name="Norman1977">Template:Cite book</ref> Stańczyk focuses on the court jester, portrayed as a symbol of his country's conscience, sitting in a chair, against the background of a party - a lonely figure reflecting on war, ignored by the joyful crowd.<ref name=WM>Wanda Małaszewska. "Matejko, Jan." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 28 May 2014, http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T055919</ref>

His paintings are on display in numerous Polish museums, including: the National Museum in Warsaw, National Museum in Kraków, National Museum in Poznań and National Museum in Wrocław.<ref name=psb190/> The National Museum, Kraków has a building entirely dedicated to Matejko - The Jan Matejko House (Dom Jana Matejki), occupying his former studio and family home in Floriańska Street and opened in 1898.<ref name=psb190/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another museum dedicated to Matejko, is the Jan Matejko Manor House (Dworek Jana Matejki w Krzesławicach), in the village of Krzesławice, where Matejko had bought a small estate in 1865.<ref name=psb188/><ref name=psb191>Bochnak (1975), p. 191</ref>

As teacher and influencerEdit

Over 80 painters were Matejko's students, many influenced during his tenure as director of the Kraków School of Fine Arts, and are called members of the "Matejko School".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=WM/><ref name=cultureplart>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some went on to become members of the brief flowering of the Young Poland (Młoda Polska) movement, which encompassed literature, music, theatre as well as visual arts and was dissipated by World War I. Matejko has been dubbed "Father of Young Poland".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Prominent among his students were:

Selected workEdit

The following is a selected list of Matejko's works, in chronological order.

# Title Year Technique and size Location Illustration
1. Carowie Szujscy przed Zygmuntem III (The Shuysky Princes before King Sigismund III) 1853 oil on canvas
75.5 cm × 109 cm		 National Museum in Wrocław File:Carowie Szujscy by Jan Matejko 18th century painting.jpeg
2. Stańczyk 1862 oil on canvas
120 × 88 cm		 National Museum in Warsaw File:Jan Matejko, Stańczyk.jpg
3. Kazanie Skargi (Skarga's Sermon) 1864 oil on canvas
224 × 397 cm		 Royal Castle, Warsaw File:Kazanie Skargi.jpg
4. Rejtan 1866 oil on canvas
282 × 487 cm		 Royal Castle, Warsaw File:Rejtan Upadek Polski Matejko.jpg
5. Alchemik Sędziwój (Alchemist Sendivogius) 1867 oil on canvas
73 × 130 cm		 Museum of Arts in Łódź File:Alchemik Sedziwoj Matejko.JPG
6. Unia Lubelska (Union of Lublin) 1869 oil on canvas
298 cm × 512 cm		 Lublin Museum File:Unia Lubelska.JPG
7. Stefan Batory pod Pskowem (Stephen Báthory at Pskov) 1872 oil on canvas
322 × 545 cm		 Royal Castle, Warsaw File:Stephen Báthory at Pskov by Jan Matejko (1872).png
8. Astronom Kopernik, czyli rozmowa z Bogiem (Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God) 1873 oil on canvas
225 × 315 cm		 Collegium Novum File:Jan Matejko-Astronomer Copernicus-Conversation with God.jpg
9. Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta (The Hanging of the Sigismund bell) 1874 oil on wood
94 × 189 cm		 National Museum in Warsaw File:Matejko Hanging of the Zygmunt bell.jpg
10. Śmierć króla Przemysła II (Death of King Przemysł II) 1875 Modern Gallery in Zagreb File:Śmierć króla Przemysła II.jpg
11. Bitwa pod Grunwaldem (Battle of Grunwald) 1878 oil on canvas
426 × 987 cm		 National Museum in Warsaw File:Jan Matejko, Bitwa pod Grunwaldem.jpg
12. Polonia - Rok 1863 (Polonia - year 1863) 1879 oil on canvas
156 × 232 cm		 Czartoryski Museum, Kraków File:Jan Matejko - Polonia 1863 (Poland Enchained) - MNK XII-453 - National Museum Kraków.jpg
13. Hołd pruski (The Prussian Homage) 1880-82 oil on canvas
388 × 875 cm		 National Museum, Kraków File:Gallery of 19th-Century Polish Art in the Sukiennice, 2022, 07.jpg
14. Jan III Sobieski pod Wiedniem (John III Sobieski at Vienna) 1883 Vatican Museums File:King John III Sobieski Sobieski sending Message of Victory to the Pope, after the Battle of Vienna 111.PNG
15. Wernyhora 1883-84 oil on canvas
290 × 204 cm		 National Museum, Kraków File:Matejko Wernyhora.jpg
16. Założenie Akademii Lubrańskiego w Poznaniu (Founding of the Lubrański Academy in Poznań) 1886 National Museum, Poznań File:JMatejko Akademia Lubrańskiego.JPG
17. Dziewica Orleańska (Maid of Orléans) 1886 oil on canvas
484 x 973 cm		 National Museum, Poznań File:Jan Matejko - The Maid of Orleans - MNK II-a-383 - National Museum Kraków.jpg
18. Bitwa pod Racławicami (Battle of Racławice) 1888 oil on canvas
450 × 890 cm		 National Museum, Kraków File:Jan Matejko - Kościuszko at Racławice - MNK II-a-151 - National Museum Kraków.jpg
19. cycle Dzieje cywilizacji w Polsce (History of civilisation in Poland) 1888-1889
20. Chrzest Litwy (Baptism of Lithuania) 1888 oil on canvas
60 × 115.5 cm		 National Museum in Warsaw File:Chrzest Litwy 1387 Matejko.JPG
21. Zaprowadzenie chrześcijaństwa (Introduction of Christianity [to Poland]) 1889 oil on wood
79 × 120 cm		 National Museum in Warsaw File:Matejko Christianization of Poland.jpg
22. cycle Poczet królów i książąt polskich (Fellowship of the kings and princes of Poland) 1890-1892
23. Konstytucja 3 Maja 1791 r. (Constitution of 3 May 1791) 1891 oil on canvas
247 cm × 446 cm		 Royal Castle, Warsaw File:Konstytucja 3 Maja.jpg
24. Carowie Szujscy przed Zygmuntem III (The Shuysky Princes before King Sigismund III) 1892 oil on wood
42 cm × 63 cm		 Jan Matejko House in Kraków File:Bracia Szujscy na Sejmie Warszawskim.jpg
25. Self-portrait (Autoportret) 1892 oil on canvas
160 cm × 110 cm		 National Museum in Warsaw File:Matejko Self-portrait.jpg
26. Śluby Jana Kazimierza (Oath of Jan Kazimierz) 1893 oil on wood
315 cm × 500 cm		 National Museum, Wrocław File:Sluby Jana Kazimierza 2.jpg
27. Wyjście żaków z Krakowa w roku 1549 (Students leaving Krakow in 1549) 1892 oil National Museum in Kraków File:Kleparz w XVIw Wyjscie zakow z Krakowa.jpg

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

External linksEdit

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