Johannes Bugenhagen
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Johannes Bugenhagen (24 June 1485 – 20 April 1558), also called Doctor Pomeranus by Martin Luther, was a German theologian and Lutheran priest who introduced the Protestant Reformation in the Duchy of Pomerania and Denmark in the 16th century. Contributions of Karlstadt and Luther to the translation of theology into social legislation were most fully realized by Bugenhagen.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> Among his major accomplishments was organization of Lutheran churches in Northern Germany and Scandinavia. He has also been called the "Second Apostle of the North".
Johannes Bugenhagen was pastor to Martin Luther at St. Mary's church in Wittenberg. He is also commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod as a pastor on 20 April.
BiographyEdit
Early lifeEdit
Template:Further Bugenhagen was born in Wollin (now Wolin), Duchy of Pomerania, on 24 June 1485 as one of three children of local Ratsherr Gerhard Bugenhagen. From 1502 to 1504, he studied artes at the University of Greifswald. In 1504, he moved to Treptow an der Rega (now Trzebiatów) and became the rector of the local school.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Though he had not studied theology, he was ordained as a priest at St. Mary's Church in Treptow in 1509, and served as a vicar at the Kanonikerkolleg of that church thereafter.<ref name=KP79/>
In 1517, abbot Johann Boldewan called Bugenhagen to serve as a Biblical lecturer at his nearby Belbuck Abbey, where the two became the core of a Humanist circle.<ref name=KP79/> Duke Bogislav X of Pomerania ordered Bugenhagen to write down the history of Pomerania in Latin. The year 1518 is the beginning of historical writing of the combined territory Pomerania.
Bugenhagen first encountered the theology of Luther in the reformer's Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church<ref name=":0" /> in 1520. At first he did not like Luther's thoughts at all. However, once he had studied it more, Bugenhagen became a supporter of the Reformation and moved to Wittenberg in 1521.<ref name=":0" />
WittenbergEdit
In Wittenberg, Bugenhagen was elected parish pastor on 25 October 1523,<ref name=Nieden4651>Nieden (2006), pp. 46, 51</ref> making him Martin Luther's pastor and confessor.<ref name=Kaufmann58>Kaufmann (1998), p. 58</ref> He was a member of Luther's team translating the Holy Bible from Greek and Hebrew to German, and opened the debate on Ulrich Zwingli's reforms.<ref name=Kaufmann58/>
By 1523, his private lectures had become well known, so he was called to lecture the following years at the Leucorea, the university in Wittenberg<ref name=Nieden4647>Nieden (2006), pp. 46–47</ref> (today Martin Luther University). In March 1524 the printer Adam Petri of Basel printed his "Interpretations of the Psalms" (Lat.Librum Psalmorum interpretatio) in the Latin language.<ref name=":1">Hieronymus, Frank (1997), p.356</ref> The cover was cut after a drawing by Hans Holbein the Younger depicting biographical events of David’s life in relation to the New Testament.<ref>Hieronymus, Frank (1997), pp.356–357</ref> The book saw four further editions in the Latin language within half a year.<ref name=":1" /> A second edition by Adam Petri in August, one by Johannes Petreius in Nuremberg and also by Johannes Knobloch in Strassburg.<ref name=":1" /> Another one is assumed to have been printed by Johann Schöffer in Mainz.<ref name=":1" /> Two years later, a German translation was printed by Adam Petri in which for the Psalms text, the German translation by Martin Luther were used.<ref>Hieronymus, Frank (1997), p.360</ref> Bugenhagen was regarded as one of the most important teachers and practitioners of biblical interpretation in the Wittenberg-centered Protestant Reformation, ordaining a generation of Lutheran pastors who were educated at this university.<ref name=Kaufmann58/>
On 17 March 1533,<ref name=Nieden62>Nieden (2006), p. 62</ref> he was promoted doctor of theology at the university of Wittenberg, together with Johannes Aepinus and Kaspar Cruciger.<ref name=Nieden62/><ref name=SW58>Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 58</ref> The promotion was supervised by Martin Luther, based on Philipp Melanchthon's theses, financed and attended by Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, and formally granted by deacon Justus Jonas. With the ceremony in Wittenberg's castle church (Schloßkirche),<ref name=Nieden62/> Aepinus, Bugenhagen and Cruciger became the first three Protestant doctors of theology.<ref name=SW58/>
While theological doctoral promotions had been suspended in Wittenberg for the preceding eight years,<ref name=Nieden61>Nieden (2006), p. 61</ref> the promotion of Aepinus had become necessary as the Hamburg burghers demanded their new superintendent to bear the title of a doctor.<ref name=SW58/><ref group=nb name=SW58NB>In a letter to Bugenhagen, the Hamburg burghers demanded that their new superintendent Aepinus must "eyne Qualificerde parsonne nemptlick doctor theology syn" ("be a qualified person, that is a doctor of theology"). Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 58</ref> Melanchthon had written the speech for Jonas which laid the foundation of a Protestant doctorate, and Frederick III "the Wise" sponsored a subsequent celebration to introduce the new Protestant doctorate to the theological world.<ref name=Nieden62/>
In September 1535, Bugenhagen was appointed Professor in the Theology faculty at Wittenberg.
Reformatory workEdit
After he had outlined his reform ideas in a letter to the Hamburg community, Bugenhagen was the most important figure in the Protestant Reformation in Northern Germany and Scandinavia.<ref name=Kaufmann58/> He took an active lead in creating new church orders (Kirchenordnungen) for Hildesheim (1544),<ref name=Kaufmann58/> Hamburg (1528/29),<ref name=Kaufmann58/><ref name=SW55>Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 55</ref> Lübeck (1530–1532),<ref name=Kaufmann58/> the Duchy of Pomerania (1534/5),<ref name=Kaufmann58/> East Frisia (1534/5),<ref name=Kaufmann58/> Schleswig-Holstein (1542),<ref name=Lorentzen39>Lorentzen (2008), p. 39</ref> Braunschweig (1528),<ref name=Kaufmann58/><ref name=SW55/> Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1543),<ref name=Kaufmann58/> and Denmark-Norway (1537),<ref name=Lorentzen39/> where he also crowned Christian III.<ref>Lockhart (2007), p. 64</ref>
This earned him later the epithet "Second Apostle of the North".<ref>Zietz (1834); Schneider (2008), p. 4.</ref> Not only did he create the new rules, he also established them and persuaded people to follow them. Bugenhagen produced rules and regulations for religious service, for schooling, and for social issues of the church. In 1539, he became superintendent of the Lutheran Church in Saxony.
Also in 1539, Bugenhagen reformed the Pomeranian University of Greifswald, which he "re-founded" as a Protestant university, modelled after the university of Wittenberg.<ref name=SW60>Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 60</ref>
Bugenhagen sought to inform the public that indulgences, not only done without God's word but against it.<ref name=":2" />
Late lifeEdit
After the death of Luther in 1546, Bugenhagen took care of Luther's widow and children. Bugenhagen died in Wittenberg in 1558 and was buried at St. Mary's Church (Stadtkirche Wittenberg). The church also contains a memorial painting to Bugenhagen by Lucas Cranach the Younger depicting the baptism of Jesus Christ in the River Jordan by John the Baptist (with the whole Bugenhagen family watching).
Other than for his theological opinions, Bugenhagen was also well known because of his organising ability. Bugenhagen was also appreciated for his work in making a Middle Low German translation of Luther's Bible in 1534.
Johannes Bugenhagen was always a pastor at heart, and because of his love for music, his family coat of arms shows a harp.
FamilyEdit
His daughter Sara (died 1563) married Georg Cracow.
See alsoEdit
- Pomerania during the Early Modern Age
- Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein
- Epistle to the English
NotesEdit
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SourcesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
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- Hans-Günter Leder, Johannes Bugenhagen Pomeranus – vom Reformer zum Reformator. Studien zur Biographie (Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang, 2002) (Greifswalder theologische Forschungen, 4).
- Hans-Günter Leder, Johannes Bugenhagen Pomeranus - Nachgelassene Studien zur Biographie mit einer Bibliographie zur Johannes Bugenhagen-Forschung, herausgegeben von Irmfried Garbe und Volker Gummelt (Frankfurt-am-Main, Peter Lang, 2008) (Greifswalder theologische Forschungen, 15).
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- Hans-Otto Schneider, "Der späte Bugenhagen – Wittenberger Bürger, Kirchenpolitiker, Theologe und Stadtpfarrer", VIII. Frühjahrstagung zur Wittenberger Reformation veranstaltet vom Institut für Europäische Geschichte (IEG) Mainz und der Stiftung Luthergedenkstätten in Sachsen-Anhalt in Verbindung mit dem Institut für Kirchengeschichte der Universität Leipzig und der Evangelischen Stadtkirchengemeinde Wittenberg, Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Bugenhagenhaus, 19. bis 21. April 2008, in: AHF-Information (Arbeitsgemeinschaft historischer Forschungseinrichtungen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e.V.); Nr. 105 (6 June 2008)
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- Cf. Johann Heinrich Zietz, Johannes Bugenhagen – zweiter Apostel des Nordens, nach seinen Lebensschicksalen und seiner Wirksamkeit für die Gestaltung der evangelischen Kirche: Ein biographischer Versuch (11829), Leipzig: Sühring, 21834, passim
Further readingEdit
- Bugenhagen, Johannes, A Christian sermon over the body and at the funeral of the venerable Dr. Martin Luther. Translated by Kurt Hendel, 1996.
- Ruccius, Walter M, John Bugenhagen Pomeranus; a biographical sketch. Philadelphia: United Lutheran Publication House.
- Vogt, Karl August Traugott, Johannes Bugenhagen Pomeranus. Leben und ausgewählte Schriften. Elberfeld: Friderichs, 1867.
- Zietz, Johann Heinrich, Johannes Bugenhagen – zweiter Apostel des Nordens, nach seinen Lebensschicksalen und seiner Wirksamkeit für die Gestaltung der evangelischen Kirche: Ein biographischer Versuch (11829), Leipzig: Sühring, 21834. No ISBN.
External linksEdit
- Danish-Norwegian Kirchenordnung (1537), Latin edition: scan of original; Reykjavik 1914 reprint (pp. 257–328); HTML