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Johnny Clegg

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Template:Short description Template:Similar names Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox musical artist

Jonathan Paul Clegg, Template:Post-nominals Template:Post-nominals (7 June 1953Template:Spnd16 July 2019) was a South African musician, singer-songwriter, dancer, anthropologist and anti-apartheid activist.

He first performed as part of a duo - Johnny & Sipho - with Sipho Mchunu which released its first single, Woza Friday in 1976. The two then went on to form the band Juluka which released its debut album in 1979. In 1986, Clegg founded the band Savuka, and also recorded as a solo act, occasionally reuniting with his earlier band partners. Sometimes called Le Zoulou Blanc ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, for "The White Zulu"), he was an important figure in South African popular music and a prominent white figure in the resistance to apartheid,<ref name=LeMonde-Jul2019>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> becoming for a period the subject of investigation by the security branch of the South African Police.<ref name=Erasmus-2004>Template:Cite book</ref> His songs mixed English with Zulu lyrics, and also combined working class African music with various forms of Western popular music.<ref name=Cartwright-Jul2019>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Early life and careerEdit

Clegg was born on 7 June 1953 in Bacup, Lancashire,<ref name="official">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to an English father of Scottish descent, Dennis Clegg, and a Rhodesian mother, Muriel (Braudo).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Cowell-Jul2019>Template:Cite news (Note that the print and online versions of this article differ slightly, including in their title).</ref> Clegg's mother's family were Jewish immigrants from Belarus and Poland and Clegg had a secular Jewish upbringing, learning about the Ten Commandments but refusing to have a bar mitzvah - until later in life, when he became a father and decided to have a "double" bar mitzvah with his son Jesse.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He moved with his mother to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) at age 6 months, and his parents divorced soon afterwards. At age six, he moved to South Africa with his mother,<ref name="people">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> also spending part of a year in Israel during his childhood.<ref name="Bernarde-2003">Template:Cite book</ref>

He grew up in Yeoville, then a predominantly Jewish inner city neighbourhood of Johannesburg.<ref>Remembering the Jewish ‘white Zulu’ South African Jewish Report. 18 July 2019</ref> He encountered the demi-monde of the city's Zulu migrant workers' music and dance. Under the tutelage of Charlie Mzila, a flat cleaner by day and musician by night, Clegg mastered both the Zulu language and the maskandi guitar and the isishameni dance styles of the migrants.<ref name=Wits-2019>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Clegg's involvement with black musicians often led to arrests for trespassing on government property and for contravening the Group Areas Act. He was first arrested at the age of 15 for violating apartheid-era laws in South Africa banning people of different races from congregating together after curfew hours.<ref name="sassen">Template:Cite news</ref>

At the age of 16, he met Sipho Mchunu, a Zulu migrant worker with whom he began performing music.<ref name="people"/> The partnership, which they named Juluka, began in 1969,<ref name=guardian/> and was profiled in the 1970s television documentary Beats of the Heart: Rhythm of Resistance.<ref name=Rhythm-2000>Template:Cite AV media (Originally released in 1979).</ref>

After graduating with a BA (Hons) in Social Anthropology from the University of Witwatersrand, Clegg pursued an academic career for four years where he lectured and wrote several seminal scholarly papers on Zulu music and dance.<ref name=Wits-2019/> In the early stages of his musical career, Clegg combined his music with the study of anthropology<ref name=Rhythm-2000/> at Wits, where he was influenced by the work of David Webster, a social anthropologist who was later assassinated in 1989.<ref name="sassen" /><ref name="wbur">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="latimes">Template:Cite news</ref>

He preceded each song with snippets of Zulu culture, information, commentary, humor and personal anecdotes relevant and unique to that song,<ref name=Wits-2019/> occasionally also incorporating aspects of his Jewish roots in songs such as "Jericho", "Jarusalema" and "Warsaw 1943".<ref name=Bernarde-2003/>

JulukaEdit

Juluka was an unusual musical partnership for the time in South Africa, with a white man (Clegg) and a black man (Mchunu) performing together. The band, which grew to a six-member group (with three white musicians and three black musicians) by the time it released its first album Universal Men in 1979, faced harassment and censorship, with Clegg later remarking that it was "impossible" to perform in public in South Africa.<ref name="carnival">Template:Cite news</ref> The group tested the apartheid-era laws, touring and performing in private venues, including universities, churches, hostels, and even private homes in order to attract an audience, as national broadcasters would not play their music.<ref name="official"/>

Just as unusually, the band's music combined Zulu, Celtic, and rock elements, with both English and Zulu lyrics.<ref name="carnival"/> Those lyrics often contained coded political messages and references to the battle against apartheid,<ref name="Korpe2004">Template:Cite book</ref> although Clegg maintained that Juluka was not originally intended to be a political band. "Politics found us," he told The Baltimore Sun in 1996.<ref name="carnival"/> In a 1989 interview with the Sunday Times, Clegg denied the label of "political activist." "For me a political activist is someone who has committed himself to a particular ideology. I don’t belong to any political party. I stand for human rights."<ref>Allan, Jani. Vive le Zoulou Blanc! That’s how the French laud Johnny and make him top of their pops. Sunday Times (South Africa). 3 July 1988</ref>

Juluka's music was both implicitly and explicitly political; not only was the fact of the success of the band (which openly celebrated African culture in a bi-racial band) a thorn in the flesh of a political system based on racial separation, the band also produced some explicitly political songs. For example, the album Work for All (which includes a song with the same title) picked up on South African trade union slogans in the mid-1980s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As a result of their political messages and racial integration, Clegg and other band members were arrested several times and concerts routinely broken up.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Despite being ignored and often harassed by the South African government at home, Juluka were able to tour internationally, playing in Europe, Canada, and the United States,<ref name="official"/> and had two platinum and five gold albums,<ref name="carnival"/> becoming an international success. The group was disbanded in 1985, when Mchunu retired from music and went back to his family farm to return to his people's traditional life of raising cattle.<ref name=guardian>Template:Cite news</ref> It was briefly reconstituted when Mchunu and Clegg reunited in the mid-1990s, releasing one final album in 1997 before breaking up for good.<ref name=LeMonde-Jul2019/>

SavukaEdit

File:Johnny Clegg (cropped).jpg
Clegg in 1992

Together with the black musician and dancer Dudu Zulu, Clegg went on to form his second inter-racial band, Savuka, in 1986, continuing to blend African music with European influences.<ref name="people"/><ref name="sassen"/><ref name="carnival"/> The group's first album, Third World Child, broke international sales records in several European countries, including France.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The band went on to record several more albums, including Heat, Dust and Dreams, which received a Grammy Award nomination.<ref name=Appleseed>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Johnny Clegg and Savuka played both at home and abroad, even though Clegg's refusal to stop performing in apartheid-era South Africa created tensions with the international anti-apartheid movement. Despite his high-profile (and personally hazardous) opposition to the South African regime, this led to Clegg's expulsion from the British Musicians' Union,<ref name="people"/> in what one writer has since called "a fit of pique".<ref name=Cartwright-Jul2019/> In one instance, the band drew such a large crowd in Lyon that Michael Jackson cancelled a concert there, complaining that Clegg and his group had "stole[n] all his fans".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1993, the band dissolved after Dudu Zulu was shot and killed while attempting to mediate a taxi war.<ref name="sassen"/><ref name="wbur"/><ref name="carnival"/>

Juluka reunion and solo careerEdit

File:JohnnyClegg Huma.jpg
Johnny Clegg at la fête de l'Humanité, France, 2007

Briefly reunited in the mid-1990s, Clegg and Mchunu reformed Juluka, released a new album,<ref name=Appleseed/> and toured throughout the world in 1996 with King Sunny Adé.<ref name="tour">Template:Cite news</ref> In the following years, Clegg recorded several solo albums.

During one concert in 1999, he was joined on stage by South African President Nelson Mandela, who danced as Johnny Clegg sang the protest song "Asimbonanga" that Savuka had dedicated to Mandela. Asimbonanga became an anthem of protest for the Mass Democratic Movement's umbrella organisation, the United Democratic Front. During Mandela's illness and death in 2013, the video of the concert attracted considerable media attention outside South Africa.<ref name="wbur"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

His touring schedule was abbreviated in 2017 after he underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer, and Clegg performed his last concert in Harare, Zimbabwe on 3 November 2018.<ref name="official"/><ref name="wbur"/>

File:Johnny Clegg .jpg
Clegg on stage in 2013

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In popular cultureEdit

Clegg's song "Scatterlings of Africa" gave him his only entries in the UK Singles Chart, reaching No. 44 in February 1983 with Juluka and No. 75 in May 1987 as Johnny Clegg and Savuka. The following year the song was featured on the soundtrack to the 1988 Oscar-winning film Rain Man.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">Template:Cite book</ref>

His song "Life is a Magic Thing" was featured in FernGully: The Last Rainforest.<ref name="syracuse071719">Template:Cite news</ref>

Savuka's song "Dela" was featured on the soundtrack of the 1997 film George of the Jungle and its 2003 sequel,<ref name="syracuse071719"/> while "Great Heart" was the title song for the 1986 film Jock of the Bushveld and the end credits song for the 2000 film Whispers: An Elephant's Tale. "Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World" was featured in the 1990 film Opportunity Knocks and 1991 film Career Opportunities.<ref name="syracuse071719"/>

Jimmy Buffett recorded "Great Heart" for his 1988 album, Hot Water.<ref name=sexton>Template:Cite news</ref>

RecognitionEdit

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  • 2012: received the Order of Ikhamanga, Silver as part of the National Orders ceremony. This award is the highest honour a citizen can receive in South Africa. It was presented by President Jacob Zuma.<ref name=Benselow-Jul2019/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2012: received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2018: received an Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy Degree in Visual and Performing Arts from the Durban University of Technology alongside his Juluka bandmate, Sipho Mchunu.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Illness and deathEdit

Johnny Clegg was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2015,<ref name=Lewis-2017>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which ultimately led to his death on 16 July 2019. He died in his Johannesburg home surrounded by loved ones and was laid to rest the following day in Westpark Cemetery in Johannesburg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Clegg was survived by his wife, Jenny, and his two sons, Jesse (also a musician)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Jaron.

In 2018, during Clegg's illness, over 50 South African musicians collaborated to record Clegg's song "The Crossing" as a tribute to Clegg and his contribution to South African music.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The song was originally written by Clegg in memory of bandmate Dudu Zulu who was killed in 1992, and refers to the crossing from life to death.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

WorksEdit

Academic publicationsEdit

AutobiographyEdit

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DiscographyEdit

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JulukaEdit

SavukaEdit

SoloEdit

  • 1985 Third World Child
  • 2002 New World Survivor
  • 2003 A South African Story - Live at the Nelson Mandela Theatre
  • 2006 One Life
  • 2010 Human
  • 2010 My Favourite Zulu Street Guitar Songs
  • 2014 Best, Live & Unplugged: Clegg at the Baxter Theatre Cape Town
  • 2017 King of Time

CompilationEdit

  • 2008 Power of One: the Songs of Johnny Clegg<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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DVDEdit

  • 2003 Johnny Clegg Live at the Nelson Mandela Theatre
  • 2004 Live! and more...<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • 2010 Johnny Clegg 30th Anniversary Concert at Emmarentia Dam<ref name="fr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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