Jumala

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Mari)<ref name="HPE">A History of Pagan Europe, P. 181 Template:ISBN</ref> means Template:Gloss in the Finnic languages and those of the Volga Finns (Mari, Erzya and Moksha languages), both the Christian God and any other deity of any religion. The word is thought to have been the name of a sky god of the ancient Finnic-speaking peoples. Jumala as a god of the sky is associated with the related Estonian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Mari {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and is thought to stem from an ancient tradition of the Finno-Ugric peoples.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EtymologyEdit

The Finnic and Mari terms for Template:Gloss are usually considered to derive from a common Finno-Permic root {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Related terms have been proposed to be found also in the Mordvinic languages: ёндолTemplate:Which lang {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Gloss, interpretable as an old compound meaning Template:Gloss (cf. толTemplate:Which lang {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Gloss). A single 17th-century source on Mordvinic moreover mentions Jumishipas as the name of a pre-Christian deity. The exact meaning of this however remains unclear (cf. шиTemplate:Which lang {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Gloss, пасTemplate:Which lang {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Gloss).

There are different theories concerning the earlier origin of the word. An Indo-Iranian origin for the name has been proposed, comparing e.g. Sanskrit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Gloss, accepted in some sources<ref name="Holopainen">Template:Cite thesis</ref> but disputed in others due to the inexact meaning.<ref>Vainik, Ene. (2014). "Jumala jälgi ajamas" [Tracing back the word jumal 'god']. Mäetagused 58: 1-34. 10.7592/MT2014.58.vainik.</ref> A different possible origin is Baltic languages (cf. Jumis – Latvian god of the evergreen Otherworld, and his sister/wife Jumala).

This name replaced the original Finno-Ugric word for Template:Gloss (*ilma), which is preserved in the Sámi and Permic languages but whose meaning was shifted to Template:Gloss in Finnic. The older sense remains in the Finnish divine name Ilmarinen.

No certain equivalents are found in the Ugric languages, though a minority view proposes a connection with words meaning 'good', such as Hungarian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Northern Mansi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The source of these words has been reconstructed as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} rather than {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Holopainen"/>

JumalEdit

In Estonia, Jumal was the name of the god of the sky. He was believed to make the earth fertile through the rains of the summer's thunderstorms. Among the south Estonians, he was represented by a wooden statue in their homes.

In Finland, Jumala was the name of two of the Finns' sky gods, or one of two names for the sky god (cf. Ilmarinen).

According to John Martin Crawford in the preface to his translation of the Kalevala:

The Finnish deities, like the ancient gods of Italy, Greece, Egypt, Vedic India or any ancient cosmogony, are generally represented in pairs, and all the gods are probably wedded. They have their individual abodes and are surrounded by their respective families. ... The heavens themselves were thought divine. Then a personal deity of the heavens, coupled with the name of his abode, was the next conception; finally this sky-god was chosen to represent the supreme Ruler. To the sky, the sky-god, and the supreme God, the term Jumala (thunder-home) was given.<ref>The Kalevala Index</ref>

Later on, the sky itself was called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and the sky-god Ukko Ylijumala, literally Grandfather or Old Man Overgod.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, when Christianity came to dominate Finnish religious life in the Middle Ages and the old gods were ousted or consolidated away from the pantheon, Jumala became the Finnish name for the Christian God.

JómaliEdit

Two Old Norse texts mention a god called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, worshipped in Bjarmaland: Óláfs saga helga chapter 133 and Bósa saga chapters 8-10. The attestation in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is probably borrowed from the earlier {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The name of this god is generally assumed to be a loanword from a Finnic language.<ref>Mervi Koskela Vasaru, '[www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:606905/FULLTEXT01.pdf Bjarmaland and Interaction in the North of Europe from the Viking Age until the Early Middle Ages]', Journal of Northern Studies, 6.2 (2012), 37–58 (p. 42).</ref>

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

SourcesEdit

Nationalencyklopedin

Template:Kalevala