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Juncus

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Juncus is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants, commonly known as rushes. It is the largest genus in the family Juncaceae, containing around 300 species.<ref name="FNA">Template:Cite book</ref>

DescriptionEdit

Rushes of the genus Juncus are herbaceous plants that superficially resemble grasses or sedges.<ref name="Yakandawala">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead link</ref> They have historically received little attention from botanists; in his 1819 monograph, James Ebenezer Bicheno described the genus as "obscure and uninviting".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The form of the flower differentiates rushes from grasses or sedges. The flowers of Juncus comprise five whorls of floral parts: three sepals, three petals (or, taken together, six tepals), two to six stamens (in two whorls) and a stigma with three lobes.<ref name="Yakandawala"/> The stems are round in cross-section, unlike those of sedges,<ref name="Yakandawala"/> which are typically somewhat triangular in cross-section.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In Juncus section Juncotypus (formerly called Juncus subg. Genuini),<ref name="Kirschner"/> which contains some of the most widespread and familiar species, the leaves are reduced to sheaths around the base of the stem and the bract subtending the inflorescence closely resembles a continuation of the stem, giving the appearance that the inflorescence is lateral.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Distribution and ecologyEdit

Juncus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species found throughout the world, with the exception of Antarctica.<ref name="FNA"/> They typically grow in cold or wet habitats, and in the tropics, are most common in montane environments.<ref name="Yakandawala"/>

Fossil recordEdit

Several fossil fruits of a Juncus species have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.<ref>Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by Else Marie Friis, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985</ref>

ClassificationEdit

File:Juncus effuses Loch Kruse 7-8-08.jpg
In Juncus effusus (and other species in J. sect. Juncotypus), the bract appears as a continuation of the stem, and the inflorescence appears lateral.

The genus Juncus was first named by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The type species of the genus was designated by Frederick Vernon Coville, who in 1913 chose the first species in Linnaeus' account, Juncus acutus.<ref name="Kirschner"/> Juncus can be divided into two major groups, one group with cymose inflorescences that include bracteoles, and one with racemose inflorescences with no bracteoles.<ref name="Kirschner"/>

The genus is divided into the following subgenera and sections:<ref name="Kirschner">Template:Cite journal</ref>

  • Juncus subg. Juncus
    • sect. Juncus
    • sect. Graminei (Engelm.) Engelm.
    • sect. Caespitosi Cout.
    • sect. Stygiopsis Kuntze
    • sect. Ozophyllum Dumort.
    • sect. Iridifolii Snogerup & Kirschner
  • Juncus subg. Poiophylli Buchenau
    • sect. Tenageia Dumort.
    • sect. Steirochloa Griseb.
    • sect. Juncotypus Dumort.
    • sect. Forskalina Kuntze

SpeciesEdit

Template:Multiple image Plants of the World Online accepts the following species in the genus Juncus:<ref name="30001343-2" >{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

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ReferencesEdit

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