Kali Yuga

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Distinguish Template:Italic title Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Kali Yuga (Devanagari: कलियुग), in Hinduism, is the fourth, shortest, and worst of the four yugas (world ages) in a Yuga cycle, preceded by Dvapara Yuga and followed by the next cycle's Krita (Satya) Yuga. It is believed to be the present age, which is full of conflict and sin.<ref>Template:Dictionary.com</ref><ref>Template:Dictionary.com</ref><ref name=smithjohnd>Template:Cite book</ref>

According to Puranic sources,Template:Efn Krishna's death marked the end of Dvapara Yuga and the start of Kali Yuga, which is dated to 17/18 February 3102 BCE.<ref name="Blackwell Companion to Hinduism" />Template:Sfn Lasting for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years), Kali Yuga began Template:NEXTYEAR years ago and has Template:Sum years left as of 2025 CE.<ref name="Godwin 2011"/><ref name="Merriam-Webster"/><ref name="Springer measurements"/> Kali Yuga will end in the year 428,899 CE.Template:Sfn Template:Efn

Near the end of Kali Yuga, when virtues are at their worst, a cataclysm and a re-establishment of dharma occur to usher in the next cycle's Krita (Satya) Yuga, prophesied to occur by Kalki.Template:Snf

EtymologyEdit

Yuga (Template:Langx), in this context, means "an age of the world", where its archaic spelling is yug, with other forms of yugam, Template:IAST, and yuge, derived from yuj (Template:Langx), believed derived from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Proto-Indo-European: Template:Lit. 'to join or unite').<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
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Kali Yuga (Template:Langx) means "the age of Kali", "the age of darkness", "the age of vice and misery", or "the age of quarrel and hypocrisy".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
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A complete description of Kali Yuga is found in the Mahabharata, Manusmriti, Vishnu Smriti, and various Puranas.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

EpigraphyEdit

According to P. V. Kane, one of the earliest inscriptions with one of the four yugas named is the Pikira grant of Pallava Simhavarman (mid-5th centuryTemplate:NbspCE):Template:Sfn<ref>The Pikira grant inscription has the word "kaliyuga" on line 10 located on 3rd plate, first side.
⁠— Template:Cite book</ref>

Who was ever ready to extricate dharma that had become sunk owing to the evil effects of Kaliyuga.{{#if:Pikira grant of Pallava Simhavarman, line 10 (3rd plate, front)|{{#if:|}}
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Other epigraphs exist with named yugas in the Old Mysore region of India, published in Epigraphia Carnatica.<ref>Each term has an index of volumes:
* p. 177: Dvapara, Yuga or age; Dvapara-yuga, do.
* p. 301: Kali-yuga, age of Kali
* p. 364: Kritayuga, age; Kritayuga, do.
— Template:Cite book</ref>

Start dateEdit

File:BHALKA-03.jpg

Information kiosk at Bhalka, the place from where Krishna left for His realm in 3102 BCE.

The start date and time of Kali Yuga was at midnight (00:00) on 17/18 February 3102 BCE.<ref name="Blackwell Companion to Hinduism">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn<ref>The Induand the Rg-Veda, Page 16, By Egbert Richter-Ushanas, Template:ISBN</ref>

Astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata, who was born in 476 CE, finished his book Aryabhatiya in 499 CE, in which he wrote "When the three yugas (satyug, tretayug and dwaparyug) have elapsed and 60 x 60 (3,600) years of kaliyug have already passed, I am now 23 years old." Based on this information, Kali Yuga began in 3102 BCE, which is calculated from 3600 - (476 + 23) + 1 (no year zero from 1 BCE to 1 CE).<ref>H.D. Dharm Chakravarty Swami Prakashanand Saraswati. Encyclopedia Of Authentic Hinduism The True History and the Religion of India, Hardbound, 2nd Edition, 2003, Template:ISBN Retrieved 2015-01-21</ref>

According to K. D. Abhyankar, the starting point of Kali Yuga is an extremely rare planetary alignment, which is depicted in the Mohenjo-daro seals.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Duration and structureEdit

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Hindu texts describe four yugas (world ages)⁠ in a Yuga Cycle, where, starting in order from the first age of Krita (Satya) Yuga, each yuga's length decreases by one-fourth (25%), giving proportions of 4:3:2:1. Each yuga is described as having a main period (Template:Aka yuga proper) preceded by its Template:IAST (dawn) and followed by its Template:IAST (dusk)⁠, where each twilight (dawn/dusk) lasts for one-tenth (10%) of its main period. Lengths are given in divine years (years of the gods), each lasting for 360 solar (human) years.<ref name="Godwin 2011">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Merriam-Webster">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="Springer measurements">Template:Cite book</ref>

Kali Yuga, the fourth age in a cycle, lasts for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years), where its main period lasts for 360,000 years (1,000 divine years) and its two twilights each last for 36,000 years (100 divine years). The current cycle's Kali Yuga, the present age, has the following dates based on it starting in 3102Template:NbspBCE:<ref name="Godwin 2011"/><ref name="Merriam-Webster"/><ref name="Springer measurements"/>

*Kali yuga*
Part	Start (– End)	Length
Kali-yuga-sandhya (dawn)*	3102Template:NbspBCE	36,000 (100)
Kali-yuga (proper)	32,899Template:NbspCE	360,000 (1,000)
Kali-yuga-sandhyamsa (dusk)	392,899–428,899Template:NbspCE	36,000 (100)
Years: 432,000 solar (1,200 divine)
^{(*) Current.}		Template:Sfn

Mahabharata, Book 12 (Shanti Parva), Ch. 231:<ref>Template:Cite book.</ref>Template:Efn

(17) A year (of men) is equal to a day and night of the godsTemplate:Nbsp... (19) I shall, in their order, tell you the number of years that are for different purposes calculated differently, in the Krita, the Treta, the Dwapara, and the Kali yugas. (20) Four thousand celestial years is the duration of the first or Krita age. The morning of that cycle consists of four hundred years and its evening is of four hundred years. (21) Regarding the other cycles, the duration of each gradually decreases by a quarter in respect of both the principal period with the minor portion and the conjoining portion itself.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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Manusmriti, Ch. 1:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

(67) A year is a day and a night of the godsTemplate:Nbsp... (68) But hear now the brief (description of) the duration of a night and a day of Brahman [(Brahma)] and of the several ages (of the world, yuga) according to their order. (69) They declare that the Krita age (consists of) four thousand years (of the gods); the twilight preceding it consists of as many hundreds, and the twilight following it of the same number. (70) In the other three ages with their twilights preceding and following, the thousands and hundreds are diminished by one (in each).{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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Surya Siddhanta, Ch. 1:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

(13) ... twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the gods. (14) ... Six times sixty [360] of them are a year of the godsTemplate:Nbsp... (15) Twelve thousand of these divine years are denominated a Quadruple Age (caturyuga); of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two [4,320,000] solar years (16) Is composed that Quadruple Age, with its dawn and twilight. The difference of the Golden and the other Ages, as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Virtue in each, is as follows : (17) The tenth part of an Age, multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the Golden and the other Ages, in order : the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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10,000-year sub-periodEdit

A dialogue between Krishna and Ganga found in the Brahma Vaivarta Purana describes that for the first 10,000 years of Kali Yuga, the ill effects of Kali Yuga will be reduced due to the presence of bhakti yogis and the ability to nullify sinful reactions, after which Earth will be devoid of devout religious people and be shackled by Kali Yuga.<ref name=Chaturvedi_Nagar>Template:Cite book (verses 49–60)</ref>Template:Primary source inline Gaudiya Vaishnavism believes this sub-period started later in Kali Yuga with the birth of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486 CE).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CharacteristicsEdit

Hinduism often symbolically represents morality (dharma) as an Indian bull. In the Satya Yuga, the first stage of development, the bull has four legs, which is reduced by one in each age that follows. The four legs of Dharma are Template:IAST Template:Literal translation, Template:IAST Template:Literal translation, Template:IAST Template:Literal translation and Template:IAST Template:Literal translation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By the age of Kali, morality is reduced to only a quarter of that of the golden age, so that the bull of Dharma has only one leg, the one representing Template:IAST.<ref name=Mahabharata>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:IAST 1.16.20</ref>

References in the MahabharataEdit

The Kurukshetra War and the decimation of Kauravas thus happened at the Yuga-Sandhi, the point of transition from one yuga to another.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Prophesied eventsEdit

A discourse by Markandeya in the Mahabharata identifies some of the attributes of people, animals, nature, and weather during the Kali Yuga.<ref>Mahabharata SECTION CLXXXIX</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>