Karin Boye
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox writer Karin Maria Boye ({{#if:sv-Karin_Boye.ogg|{{#ifexist:Media:sv-Karin_Boye.ogg|<phonos file="sv-Karin_Boye.ogg">listen</phonos>|{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "sv-Karin_Boye.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handler}}}}; 26 October 1900 – 24 April 1941)<ref name=":0" /> was a Swedish poet and novelist. In Sweden, she is acclaimed as a poet, but internationally, she is best known for the dystopian science fiction novel Kallocain (1940).
BiographyEdit
Early lifeEdit
Boye was born in Gothenburg (Göteborg), Sweden in a wealthy family and moved with her family to Stockholm in 1909, eventually settling in a house in Huddinge. In Stockholm, she studied at the Åhlinska skolan until 1920. She then attended Södra seminariet, a teacher-training programme, in order to become a school teacher. She studied at Uppsala University from 1921 to 1926 and debuted in 1922 with a collection of poems, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Clouds). During her time in Uppsala and until 1930, Boye was a member of the Swedish Clarté League, a socialist group that was strongly antifascist.<ref name="skbl">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She was also a member of the women's organization Nya Idun.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Literary careerEdit
Karin Boye made her literary debut in 1922 with the collection of poems Moln ("Clouds"). Taking influence from the writings of Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche and poets such as Gustaf Fröding, Vilhelm Ekelund and Edith Södergran, her poetry dealt from the start with the individual's right to freedom in relation to christianity, which was further developed in "Gömda land" (1924, "Hidden Lands") and Härdarna (1927, "The Hearths"). Worship of beauty, fighting spirit and dynamic movement were central elements in her poems that was concentrated into a distinctive, idiosyncratic rhythmic form.<ref name="lb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1931, Boye, together with Erik Mesterton and Josef Riwkin, founded the poetry magazine Spektrum, introducing T. S. Eliot and the Surrealists to Swedish readers. She translated many of Eliot's works into Swedish; she and Mesterton translated "The Waste Land".<ref name="skbl"/> She was also a member of the Swedish literary institution Samfundet De Nio (The Nine Society) from 1931 until her death in 1941.
Boye is perhaps most famous for her poems, the most well-known of which are {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Yes, of course it hurts)<ref>"Yes, of course it hurts" text in English translation by Jenny Nunn.</ref> and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (In motion) from her collections of poems {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (1935, "For the tree's sake"). The latter collection, which prominently feature Boye's frequent use of tree-symbolism in her poetry, was criticized by contemporary critics for modernistic obscurity but is by later readers widely regarded as her strongest book of poems.<ref name="lb" />
Boye also wrote several short story collections and novels. Her 1931 novel Astarte was a criticism of the bourgeois culture, and won a Nordic novel prize. Her novel {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Crisis) depicts her religious crisis and lesbianism. In her novels {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Merit awakens) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Too little) she explores male and female role-playing.<ref name="skbl" /><ref name="lb" />
Her best-known and most widely read novel Kallocain was published in 1940.<ref name="lb" /> Inspired by her visit to Germany during the rise of Nazism, it was a portrayal of a dystopian society in the vein of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (though written almost a decade before Orwell's magnum opus). In the novel, an idealistic scientist named Leo Kall invents Kallocain, a kind of truth serum. The novel contrasts the individual's right to freedom and independence against a collective society and the state's need of organisation and control.<ref name="lb" /> The novel was filmed in Sweden in 1981 and was the main influence on the movie Equilibrium.<ref>Kallocain—Karin Boye’s dark dystopia</ref>
Posthumously, the uncompleted poetry collection {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("The seven deadly sins") was published in 1941. Its center-piece is a cycle of poems of the conflict between the individual's strong will to independence and the conformity of religion, which was the major theme in Boye's work.<ref name="lb" />
Later lifeEdit
Between 1929 and 1932, Boye was married to another Clarté member, Leif Björck. The marriage was apparently a friendship union. In 1932, after separating from her husband, she had a lesbian relationship with Gunnel Bergström, who left her husband, poet Gunnar Ekelöf, for Boye. Following a bout of depression she left Stockholm for Berlin, where she went through psycho-analysis and affirmed her homosexuality.<ref name="skbl" /> During the stay in Berlin in 1932–1933 she met Margot Hanel (7 April 1912 – 30 May 1941), whom she lived with for the rest of her life, and referred to as "her wife".<ref>Karin Boye 100 år at janmagnusson.se</ref>
As Boye had resigned as editor of Spektrum she earned her living from translations and writing short stories for weekly magazines. From 1936-1938 Boye was employed as teacher at Viggbyholm school, but suffered from periods of depression and suicide attempts.<ref name="skbl" />
Boye died by suicide on 23 April 1941. She overdosed on sleeping pills.<ref name= ":0">"Karin Boye". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 August 2017.</ref> She was found (according to the police report at the Regional Archives in Gothenburg) on 27 April, curled up at a boulder on a hill with a view just north of Alingsås, near Bolltorpsvägen, by a farmer who was going for a walk. The boulder is now a memorial stone. Margot Hanel also died by suicide shortly thereafter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
LegacyEdit
Karin Boye was given two very different epitaphs. The best-known is the poem {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Dead Amazon) by Hjalmar Gullberg, in which she is depicted as "Very dark and with large eyes". Another poem was written by her close friend Template:Ill and is entitled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Dead friend). Here, she is depicted not as a heroic Amazon but as an ordinary human, small and grey in death, released from battles and pain.
Boye is also model to the character Isagel in Harry Martinson's 1956 poem Aniara. Boye and Martinson had a close friendship in the 1930's.<ref>Sonja Erfurth Harry Martinsons 30-tal Albert Bonniers förlag 1989 p.232</ref>
Karin Boye has been the subject of several biographies, numerous literary studies and articles, and her work have continuously been published in new Swedish editions.<ref name="kb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1994, her Complete Poems was published in English translation by David McDuff.<ref name="kb" /> Her most widely read book Kallocain has been translated to over 25 different languages.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A literary association dedicated to her work was created in 1983, keeping her work alive by spreading it among new readers. In 2004, one of the branches of the Uppsala University Library was named in her honour.
WorksEdit
NovelsEdit
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 1931
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 1933
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 1934
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 1936
- Kallocain, 1940
Collections of poemsEdit
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 1922
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 1924
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 1927
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 1935
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, 1941 (not completed, posthumously published)
- Complete Poems in English translation by David McDuff, Bloodaxe Books, 1994 Template:ISBN
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
- Abenius, Margit. 1965. Karin Boye. Stockholm, Sweden. Bokförlaget Aldus/Bonniers. Template:OCLC
- Hammarström, Camilla. 2001. Karin Boye. Stockholm, Sweden. Natur & Kultur. Template:ISBN.