Template:Short description Template:Use dmy datesTemplate:Use British English
Template:Infobox body of water
The Kattegat (Template:IPAc-en; {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a Template:Convert sea area bounded by the peninsula of Jutland in the west, the Danish straits islands of Denmark and the Baltic Sea to the south and the Swedish provinces of Bohuslän, Västergötland, Halland and Scania in Sweden in the east. The Baltic Sea drains into the Kattegat through the Danish straits. The sea area is a continuation of the Skagerrak and may be seen as a bay of the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, though this is not the case in traditional Scandinavian usage.
The Kattegat is a rather shallow sea and can be dangerous to navigate due to many sandy, stony reefs and the tricky shifting currents. In modern times, artificial seabed channels have been dug, many reefs have been dredged either by sand pumping or boulder clearance,<ref>Artificial Reefs</ref> and a well-developed light signaling network has been installed to protect the heavy international traffic on this small sea.
There are several large cities and major ports on the Kattegat, including, in descending size, Gothenburg, Aarhus, Aalborg, Halmstad, Varberg and Frederikshavn.
GeographyEdit
-000.JPG){kind=link}
According to the definition established in a 1932 convention signed by Denmark, Norway and Sweden (registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series 1933–1934), the northern boundary between the Kattegat and Skagerrak is at the northernmost point of Skagen on Jutland and the southern boundary towards Øresund is at the tip of Kullen Peninsula in Scania.<ref>Convention No 3210. League of Nations Treaty Series 139, 1933–1934. Retrieved 27 December 2012.</ref>
Major waterways that drain into the Kattegat are the rivers of Göta älv at Gothenburg, together with the Lagan, Nissan, Ätran and Viskan in the province of Halland on the Swedish side, and the Danish river of Gudenå in Jutland.
The main islands of the Kattegat are Samsø, Læsø and Anholt; due to their relatively dry climate, the last two are, perceived to belong to "the Danish desert belt".
A number of noteworthy coastal areas abut the Kattegat, including the Kullaberg Nature Reserve in Scania, which contains a number of rare species and a scenic rocky shore, the town of Mölle, which has a picturesque harbour and views into the Kullaberg, and Skagen at the northern tip of Denmark.
Since the 1950s, a bridge project usually referred to as Kattegatbroen (the Kattegat Bridge) connecting Jutland and Zealand across the Kattegat has been considered. Since the late 2000s, the project has seen a renewed interest from several influential politicians in Denmark. The bridge is usually envisioned as connecting Hov (a village south of Odder in the Aarhus area) with Samsø and Kalundborg.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ExtentEdit
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the "Kattegat, Sound and Belts" (that is, the Kattegat, Øresund, Great Belt, and Little Belt) as follows:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
On the North: A line joining Skagen (The Skaw, northernmost point of Denmark) and Paternoster Skær (Template:Coord) and thence northeastward through the shoals to Tjörn Island.
On the South: The limits of the Baltic Sea in the Belts and Sound:
- In the Little Belt: A line joining Falshöft (Template:Coord) and Vejsnæs Nakke (Ærö: Template:Coord).
- In the Great Belt: A line joining Gulstav (Southernmost extremity of Langeland Island, Template:Coord) and Kappel Kirke (Template:Coord) on the island of Laaland.
- In the Guldborg Sund: A line joining Flinthorne-Rev (Template:Coord) and Skelby (Template:Coord);
- In the Sound: A line joining Stevns Lighthouse (Template:Coord) and Falsterbo Point (Template:Coord).{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries}}
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}
EtymologyEdit
According to Den Store Danske Encyklopædi and Template:Ill, the name is from the Dutch words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'cat's' and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'gate, passage'. It derives from late medieval navigation jargon, in which captains of the Hanseatic trading fleets would compare the Danish straits to a passage so tight that even a cat would have difficulty squeezing its way through, owing to the many reefs and shoals.<ref>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi (2004), CD-ROM edition, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, entry Kattegat.</ref><ref name="Nydansk">Nudansk Ordbog (1993), 15th edition, 2nd reprint, Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag, entry Kattegat.</ref> At one point, the passable waters were a mere Template:Convert wide. The name of the Copenhagen street Kattesundet has a comparable etymological meaning, namely 'narrow passage', Template:Literal translation.<ref name="Nydansk"/>
An archaic name for both the Skagerrak and Kattegat was the Norwegian Sea or Jutland Sea (Knýtlinga saga mentions the name Jótlandshaf). Its ancient Latin name was {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Template:Cite NIE</ref>
HistoryEdit
Controlling and having access to the Kattegat have been important throughout the history of international seafaring. Until the completion of the Eider Canal in 1784, the Kattegat was the only sea route into and out of the Baltic region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Beginning in 1429 in the Middle Ages, the Danish royal family – and later the state of Denmark – prospered greatly from the Sound dues, a toll charged for passage through the Øresund, while Copenhagen sheltered and repaired ships and provided trade opportunities and protection from piracy. The dues were eventually lifted, in 1857.
BiologyEdit
The salinity in the Kattegat has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer's salinity is between 18‰ and 26‰, while that of the lower layer (separated by a strong halocline at around Template:Convert) has a salinity between 32‰ and 34‰. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on par with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer, consisting of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea, has a much lower salinity, comparable to brackish water, but still a great deal higher than the rest of the Baltic. These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of Template:Convert of seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During strong winds, the Kattegat's layers are completely mixed in places such as the Great Belt, making the overall salinity highly variable. This leads to some distinctive conditions for sealife in the area.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Cold seeps, known locally as bubbling reefs (Template:Langx), can be found in the northern Kattegat. Unlike those in most other places (including the North Sea and Skagerrak), the Kattegat's cold seeps are at relatively shallow depths, generally from Template:Convert below the surface.<ref name=Jensen1992>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=HelcomCS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The seeps rely on methane deposited during the Eemian period and during calm weather the bubbles can sometimes be seen on the surface of the water.<ref name=HelcomCS/> Carbonate cementation and lithification form slaps or pillars up to Template:Convert tall and support a rich biodiversity.<ref name=Jensen1992/><ref name=HelcomCS/> Due to their distinct properties, the Kattegat bubbling reefs are under protection and are recognised by the European Union (EU) as a Natura 2000 habitat (type 1180).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ecological collapseEdit
The Kattegat, characterised by widespread anoxia,<ref name="DruonEtAl2004">Template:Cite journal</ref> was one of the first marine dead zones to be noted in the 1970s, when scientists began to study the effects of heavy industry on the natural world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Since then, research has leant much insight into processes like eutrophication, and how to deal with it. Since the first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment in 1985, Denmark and the EU have begun costly, far-reaching domestic projects to stop, repair and prevent these environmentally destructive and economically damaging processes<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and are now busy implementing the fourth Action Plan. The action plans sum up a broad range of initiatives and include the so-called Nitrate Directives.<ref>Implementation of the Nitrates directive in Denmark Template:Webarchive Danish Ministry of the Environment</ref> The action plans have generally been viewed as a success, although the work is not finished and not all goals have been met yet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Protections and regulationEdit
Due to its very heavy sea traffic and many large coastal settlements, the Kattegat has been designated as a Sulphur Emission Control Area as part of the Baltic Sea since 2006. As from 1 January 2016 the benchmark for sulphur in fuels was lowered to 0.1%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Several large areas of the Kattegat are designated under Natura 2000 and various bird protections such as the Ramsar Convention. The remaining larger shallow reefs are among the protections, as they are important spawning and feeding grounds for fish and marine mammals and support a thriving but threatened biodiversity. Protected areas include:
Denmark<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Grenen
- The Bay of Aalborg, comprising a Template:Convert shallow sea area.
- Beach meadows on Læsø and the stony reefs south of the island.
- Anholt and the sea north of the island.
Sweden<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Nordre älv estuary north of Gothenburg. An important spot for migratory birds and fish.
- The Vrångö archipelago (Swedish: Vrångöskärgården), part of the Archipelago of Gothenburg. An important reproduction area for seabirds and seals.
- Kungsbacka Fjord. A shallow water fjord between Gothenburg and Varberg, including important salt marshes.
- Hovs Hallar
- Kullaberg Nature Reserve
GalleryEdit
- Anholt Havmøllepark.jpg
There are several offshore windfarms in the Kattegat.
- Bianca Rambow (North of Funen).2.ajb.jpg
Some of the world's busiest shipping lanes pass through the Kattegat.
- Fladen Light.PNG
The larger shallow sand and stony reefs have been equipped with light signaling in modern times.
- Kungälv Municipality from the air.jpg
There are several small archipelagos near the mainland in the Swedish part of the Kattegat.
- Barakullen.jpg
The Swedish coasts in the Kattegat are rocky shores, like this one in Kullaberg, or sandy or gravel beaches.
- Grenå Strand.JPG
All the Danish coasts in the Kattegat are sandy or gravel beaches with no exposed bedrock.