Samsø
Template:Short descriptionTemplate:About Template:Infobox islands Samsø (Anglicized: "Samso" or "Samsoe") is a Danish island in the Kattegat Template:Convert off the Jutland Peninsula. Samsø is located in Samsø municipality. The community has 3,724 inhabitants<ref name=time/> (2017) (January 2010:4,010) called Samsings and is 114 km² in area. Due to its central location, the island was used during the Viking Age as a meeting place. The etymology of the island's name is unknown.
In 1997, Samsø won a government competition to become a model renewable energy community. Now 100% of its electricity comes from wind power and biomass.<ref name=time>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The name Samsø is of unknown origin.<ref>Politikens nudansk ordbog (1992), entry: Samsø Template:In lang</ref> The name is known from 1075 as Samse. This word is a simplex and the addition of -{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Danish for 'island', is thus a later compounding,<ref>Samsø municipality Gyldendals Open Encyclopedia. Template:In lang</ref> known in toponymy as epexegesis.
GeographyEdit
The beach and village of Template:Ill are popular with visitors. The island is served by a bus service which runs around the island, including the two ferry terminals in Template:Ill and Ballen. The peninsula of Helgenæs to the north is visible in clear weather. Geographically, the island divides into three areas:
- the North Island
- the Stavns Fjord
- the South Island
The soil and geology of the northern part of the island is made up of sand and gravel deposited during the deglaciation, while the southern part is made of both areas of boulder clay (Template:Langx) and outwash plains (Template:Langx).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The North Island is divided from the South Island by the artificial Kanhave canal. Here a larger part of the countryside is uncultivated and it presents a wavy landscape of meadows and small patches of woodland and heath. Like the rest of Samsø, the coastline is characterized by steep cliffs and stony beaches, with some sandy beaches in between suited for bathing. Issehoved is Samsø's northernmost point and presents what have been described as a miniature of Skagens "Grenen". The small towns of Nordby, Mårup and Langør are situated on the North Island. Just north of Nordby is the world's biggest permanent labyrinth named 'Labyrinten', founded in the year 2000. It comprise a Template:Convert patch of conifer woodland, grown on a previous christmas tree plantation.<ref>The Guinness certificate from 2000 Labyrinten's own homepage</ref> Northwest of Nordby, is the hill of Ballebjerg, Samsøs highest point, reaching 64 m. Near the village of Mårup is the harbour of Mårup Havn. In the summer months (17 June to 22 August) the old wooden freight-ship M/S Tunø, ferry passengers back and forth from here to the island of Tunø just west of Samsø, two days a week. Other two days of the week, the same boat is offering seal-safaris from Langør at Stavns Fjord.<ref name="MS Tunø">M/S Tunø The ferry's homepage</ref>
Stavns FjordEdit
The shallow lagoon Template:Ill houses most of the smaller islands of Samsø municipality. The largest of them is Template:Ill and most of the rest are small islets, and have been named individually. The lagoon is separated from the sea of Kattegat by the 7 km long sandbar of Besser Rev. It is possible to walk on the reef all the way to the tip at low tide (ebb), except when the birds are breeding. A group of small islands (Template:Ill, Lindholm, Rumpen, Vejrø) are located east of Stavns Fjord, in Kattegat.
South IslandEdit
The South Island is home to the seat of the mayor and Samsø's largest town Tranebjerg, but there are many other hamlets and villages (18 in all) spread across the countryside. The village of Ballen, lies on the east coast and is also home to the Samsø Energiakademi. Most of the land on the South Island is cultivated, but there are spots of nature like the forest Template:Ill and the cliffs, shrubs and beach meadows on the southcoast. Just south of the Kanhave canal is Samsø Airport.
HistoryEdit
People have lived and hunted on Samsø since the ice receded at the end of the last Ice Age. Samsø first became an island approximately 9,000 years ago and there are several traces like dolmens, burial mounds, passage graves, kitchen middens, etc. from the Stone Age and Bronze Age cultures across the landscape. Excavations at Tønnesminde and Endebjerg, for example, show evidence of human habitation from the Stone Age through the Viking Age.
Norse mythologyEdit
On this island, Saxo Grammaticus relates that there was a legendary battle, when the Swedish champion Hjalmar and his friend Orvar-Odd fought against the twelve sons of the Swedish berserker Arngrim. This battle was once famous, since it also figures in Faroese ballads, in Orvar-Odd's saga and in Hervarar saga.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
According to the Hervarar saga and the Waking of Angantyr, the mounds of the slain berserkers were haunted. This did not stop Arngrim's granddaughter Hervor from approaching the mounds and demanding the enchanted sword Tyrfing from her father Angantyr.
"Samsey" (-ey being an earlier Norse form of -ø) is the island upon which Odin, under the name Jalk, learned Seid magic.<ref>Poetic Edda, Lokasenna: 24.</ref>
Kanhave canalEdit
A canal was dug across the island at its narrowest place. The canal was about 500 m long and 11 m wide and could in its time be navigated by vessels with a draught of up to 1 m. It was dug and clad with wooden linings in the years 726-729 AD; the last part of the Scandinavian Iron Age. Kanhave canal is one of the largest known engineering projects of the Vikings and it is a sign of the centralized power of the time. Kanhave canal is thought of as instrumental to dominating the sea of Kattegat. There are plans to dig out the canal again.<ref>Kanhave vikingage canal across Samsø Danske Fortidsminder (Denmark's Cultural-heritage Association) Template:In lang</ref>
Medieval fortressesEdit
All known sources suggest that the island was the property of the Monarchy throughout medieval times, but it was an age of conflict and insecurity nevertheless, as a total of five fortresses were built on Samsø in the Middle Ages; Vesborg where the lighthouse is nowadays, Gammel Brattingsborg where the town of Tranebjerg is now, Hjortholm on the islet of the same name in the Stavns Fjord lagoon, Bisgård at the bishop's palace (official residence) in the parish of Onsbjerg and the small fortification of Blafferholm in the garden of Brattingsborg manor. None of them are left standing today. Only the castle hills and the archaeological excavations of the foundations remains. The National Museum of Denmark initiated thorough archaeological investigations of the fortification sites a few years ago and the field work terminated in 2012.<ref>Vesborg - Samsø's castles 1001 stories of Denmark. Danish Ministry for Culture.</ref><ref>The Medieval castles on Samsø National Museum of Denmark, retrieved 28.11.2013 Template:In lang</ref><ref>The National Museum of Denmark is excavating Medieval castles on Samsø The National Museum of Denmark Template:In lang</ref>
The quarantine of KyholmEdit
{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} From 1831-1857 there was a plague- and cholera-quarantine on the tiny island of Kyholm just east of Samsø. Here, ships returning from long voyages had to dock, if they had disease on board. There is an abandoned cemetery of around 100 graves on the island. Kyholm is accessible year round, but it is advised not to be around when the birds are breeding.
German occupationEdit
The strategic location of Samsø led it to become a Wehrmacht outpost during the German invasion of Denmark (1940). During this time, an American B-17 Flying Fortress safely crash-landed in Alstrup after being forced down by a German fighter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Navigator Carl Groesbeck was almost immediately captured by Germans but other members of the plane, including Co-Pilot Miles McCormack, were hidden by locals for some time until they too were eventually captured. All the crew members survived the ordeal and the war, except tail-gunner Douglas Farris who was killed in action while in the air.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Agriculture and sustainable productionEdit
Agriculture has been the primary occupation on Samsø for millennia and nearly all of the island comprise cultured landscapes. Nowadays, farming is still an important business and the biggest contributor to the island's economy, but compared to the rest of Denmark, it has developed in its own direction. Free range farming is very prominent, and the agricultural produce comprise mostly potatoes, various other vegetables and berries as well as some animal husbandry. In the 2000s, especially the vegetable and berry production has increased, as the Samsø brand has become more widely known and popular. At the same time, packaging and industrial processing is increasingly taken care of on the island before shipping, again increasing the local revenue of the farming trade overall. Close to 16% of the islanders work in the fishing and farming sector, not including derived labour, compared to 3.5% countrywide.<ref name=Landbruget>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Denmark, Samsø is well known for its early harvest of new potatoes. The first few pounds of these potatoes usually fetch prices around £100, and are considered a great delicacy.<ref name=Landbruget/> Samsø is popular among French, Welsh and Irish people for strawberry picking during the months of June and July every year.Template:Citation needed Ecological agriculture and production is significant on Samsø, with a broad network of cooperating associations. It comprise farming of a large variety of vegetables, grains and fruits, livestock meat and products (lambs, sheep, yarn, cows, pigs, horses, donkeys, goats, chickens, eggs), a dairy, a brewery, restaurants and cafés, candy production, permaculture and forest garden experiments. There are several plans for extending the overall ecological production and broaden the industry (a slaughterhouse, orangery, forest gardens and education), with a wish for creating more jobs and opportunity for inhabitants of the island.<ref>Ecological producers The association 'Økologisk Samsø'.</ref>
Renewable energyEdit
In 1997, Samsø won a government competition to become a model renewable energy community. At the time, Samsø was entirely dependent on oil and coal, both imported from the mainland.<ref name=time/> Therefore, Samso became the worlds first renewable energy island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Many different projects were started to realize the plan. An onshore wind farm comprising 11 turbines were built. The first turbine was erected and on-line in 2000. In addition to that, 10 offshore turbines (making a total of 21 altogether including land-based windmills), were completed in 2007, funded by the islanders.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The people of Samsø heat their homes straw burned in a central heating system and they power some vehicles on biofuel which they also grow. The island has four district heating plants in total. Now 100% of the island's electricity comes from wind power, with surplus electricity exported to the mainland grid, and 75% of its heat comes from local solar power and biomass energy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An Energy Academy, the Samsø Energiakademi, has opened in the town of Ballen. It is a community hall for energy concerns and a meeting place for energy and local development. The academy is currently working towards making Samsø 100% fossil fuel free by 2030, which is 20 years earlier than the national goal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notable peopleEdit
- Tyge (d. 1272 on Samsø) Bishop of the Diocese of Aarhus 1261-1272
- Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve, Count of Samsø (1678 in Brattingsborg – 1719) a Danish navy Admiral and Governor of Iceland; acknowledged illegitimate son of King Christian V of Denmark and his royal mistress Sophie Amalie Moth
- Carl Frederik Sørensen (1818 in Besser, Samsø – 1879) was a Danish artist who specialized in marine painting.
- Lotte Glob (born 1944 in Samsø) is a Danish ceramic artist, lives in the north of Scotland, the daughter of Peter Glob
- Anne Marie Løn (born 1947), novelist
- Nicolas Michaux (1984-), Belgian singer and songwriter.
- Kristine Raahauge (1949–2022), Greenlandic municipal politician, activist, eskimologist and writer who was resident of and died on Samsø
GalleryEdit
- Nordby Kirke (Samsø Kommune).JPG
Nordby Church.
- Nordby Samsø 20130708 151341.jpg
The village bell in Nordby
- Ballebjerg Samsø.jpg
Ballebjerg (Nordby Bakker), the highest point on Samsø.
- Labyrinten.jpg
Inside Labyrinten, the largest permanent maze in the world.
- Ved kæret nordby.jpg
Village pond in Nordby
- Stavns Fjord - panoramio.jpg
Stavns Fjord
- Langør set fra Kanhavekanalen - panoramio.jpg
Langør across Stavns Fjord
- Tranebjerg Kirke - panoramio - Jens Cederskjold.jpg
Tranebjerg church
- Tranebjerg set fra Møllebakken - panoramio.jpg
Tranebjerg
- Udsigt fra Dyret 2.jpg
View from Dyret, the highest hill on the South Island.
- Kolby Kirke - panoramio.jpg
Kolby church
- Kolby Mølle - panoramio.jpg
Kolby grain mill (Museum Samsø)
- Gammeldags pløjning på Fredensdal.jpg
Museum Fredensdal
- Brattingsborg Gods 20130712 102954.jpg
Brattingsborg Manor
- AlstrupJættestueC3.jpg
Alstrup Jættestue
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Gudrun Krüger: "Tourism in the Kattegat area - Analyzing the travel behavior of Samsø tourists to enhance the tourism potential of the island". Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag, 2009. Template:ISBN.
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage
- Template:Official website
- The Energy Academy The academy's homepage.
- Nordby The towns own homepage. Template:In lang
- Labyrinten The labyrinths homepage.
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}
Template:Samsø Municipality Template:Denmark islands Template:Authority control