Kayes
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Kayes (Bambara: ߞߊߦߌ tr. Kayi, Soninké: Xaayi) is a city in western Mali on the Sénégal River with a population of 127,368 at the 2009 census. Kayes is the capital of the administrative region of the same name. The city is located Template:Convert northwest of the capital Bamako.
ToponymyEdit
There are multiple possible etymologies of the name 'Kayes', all derived from the Soninke language. These include: the word "kharré", which describes a low humid place that floods in rainy season; the word 'kayé', a type of grass;<ref name = carenews>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 'khayé', the Soninke name for the rhun palm.<ref name = maliweb>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
The area around Kayes was historically a part of the Soninke states of Diarra and Gajaaga. The important trading center of Goundiourou, known in Arabic sources as Ghiyaru, was just across the river, and was later rebuilt just south of the modern city.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name = Monteil>Charles Monteil ‘Le Site de Goundiourou’, Bulletin du Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique occidentale française, Larose (Paris), 1928, http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34381764h</ref>
Kayes itself was founded in the second half of the 19th century. Guéssé Sidy, a prince of Khasso, established a base there to protect the western approaches to the kingdom's capital, Medina.<ref name = carenews/><ref name = maliweb/>
Prior to French colonial expansion, Kayes was still a small village. In 1881 the French chose it as the site for a fort and barracks, the headquarters of the colonial presence in the central Sudan, as Medina was difficult to access by boat. By 1886 the post had been fortified, and by 1889 a market town of 6000 people had grown up around it.<ref name = Bah>Bah Thierno Mouctar. Les forts français et le contrôle de l’espace dans le Haut-Sénégal-Niger (1855-1898). In: 2000 ans d’histoire africaine. Le sol, la parole et l'écrit. Mélanges en hommage à Raymond Mauny. Tome II. Paris : Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer, 1981. pp. 988-9. (Bibliothèque d'histoire d'outre-mer. Études, 5-6-2)</ref>
From the beginning, the French began building a railway linking Kayes, the furthest point reachable by boat on the Senegal river, with Bafoulabe upstream. This stretch was completed in 1890, and reached to Bamako in 1904. A rail link to Thiès was begun in 1907 which, interrupted by the First World War, was completed in 1923.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1892, Kayes became the capital of the French Sudan; Bamako replaced it as the capital, first of the state of Haut Sénégal-Niger on October 17, 1899, then as the capital of all of French Sudan in 1908.Template:Cn
During World War II, a portion of Poland's gold reserve, evacuated during the German-Soviet invasion in 1939, was stored for several years in Kayes before being transported to the United States in 1944, to be returned to Poland after the occupation and war ended.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
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Economy and transportEdit
Kayes lies on the Route Nationale 1 (RN1) highway and is Template:Convert by road from Bamako and Template:Convert from the border with Senegal. The town has an international airport (Kayes Airport), and lies on the Dakar-Niger Railway which offered regional passenger train service to Bamako three times a week via Kati and Diamou as of 2013.<ref>Mali Seat 61, http://www.seat61.com/Senegal.htm#.U2JXgMfEc7A</ref> The area is rich in gold and iron.
ClimateEdit
Kayes has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). The climate is subject to the West African Monsoon with all the rainfall occurring between June and October. August is the wettest month. There is almost no rainfall during the other seven months of the year. The total annual rainfall is around Template:Convert.<ref name=wwis>Template:Citation</ref> Kayes is nicknamed the "pressure cooker of Africa" due to its extreme heat; the town is surrounded by iron-rich mountains which contribute to the temperature. The town has been described as the hottest continuously inhabited town in Africa.Template:Citation needed The average daily high temperature in the city is Template:Convert, with temperatures usually peaking in April and May at an average of nearly Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
AreaEdit
Sites found in and around Kayes include:
- Fort du Médine
- Félou Falls, Template:Convert upstream on the Senegal river
- Gouina Falls, Template:Convert to the southeast on the Senegal river
- The tata of Koniakari, constructed by El Hadj Umar Tall, Template:Convert to the northeast
- Lake Magui and Lake Doro, both watered by the Kolimbiné River
- The Manantali Dam
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Portions of this article are a translation of French language Wikipedia's Kayes.
External linksEdit
- Colonial history of Kayes, from Web Site of Dr. Jim Jones, "African History Since 1875", West Chester University Department of History.
- View of Sénégal River Bridge at Kayes: Kidira Border Crossing into Mali, December 16, 2004 by NKOverland.