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Kinuyo Tanaka

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Template:Nihongo was a Japanese actress and film director.<ref name="kinenote">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="kotobank">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She had a career lasting over 50 years with more than 250 acting credits, but was best known for her 15 films with director Kenji Mizoguchi,<ref name="bestknown">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> such as The Life of Oharu (1952) and Ugetsu (1953). With her 1953 directorial debut, Love Letter, Tanaka became the second Japanese woman to direct a film, after Tazuko Sakane.<ref name="bestknown"/><ref name="Harvard">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

BiographyEdit

Early life and careerEdit

Tanaka was born in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, the youngest of nine children<ref name="kotobank" /> of Kumekichi and Yasu Tanaka.<ref name=":0" /> Her family were kimono merchants.<ref name="kotobank" /> Although her family was originally wealthy, after her father Kumekichi died in 1912, the family began having financial troubles.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> She learned playing the biwa at an early age and moved to Osaka in 1920, where she joined the Biwa Girls' Operetta Troupe.<ref name="kotobank" /><ref name="Irene">Template:Cite book</ref> Tanaka's first credited film appearance was in Genroku Onna (lit. "A Woman of the Genroku era") in 1924, which also marked the start of her affiliation with the Shochiku Studios. She lived with director Hiroshi Shimizu from 1927 to 1929 after appearing in a number of his films;<ref name="Irene3">Template:Cite book</ref> although they separated in 1929, she starred in some of his later films.<ref name="Jasper">Template:Cite book</ref> Tanaka remained unmarried for her entire life and had no children.<ref name="Irene" />

She became a leading actress at an early age, appearing in Yasujirō Ozu's I Graduated, But... in 1929. The following year she played the lead in Aiyoku no ki (Record of Love and Desire or Desire of Night),<ref name="Nolletti">Template:Cite book</ref> and in 1931 she appeared in Japan's first sound film, The Neighbor's Wife and Mine, directed by Heinosuke Gosho. Gosho also directed her in his adaptation of the famous Yasunari Kawabata story, The Dancing Girl of Izu (1933). In the 1930s, Tanaka became so popular that the titles of many feature films used her name, as in Kinuyo Monogatari ("The Kinuyo Story"), Joi Kinuyo Sensei ("Doctor Kinuyo") and Kinuyo no Hatsukoi ("Kinuyo's First Love"). In 1938, she starred in Hiromasa Nomura's Aizen katsura with Ken Uehara, who was the highest-grossing movie of the prewar period.<ref name="Jasper" /> In 1940, she worked with Kenji Mizoguchi for the first time, starring in Naniwa Onna ("A Woman of Osaka"), which is regarded as a lost film. The following year, she appeared in Ornamental Hairpin, directed by Shimizu, which nowadays ranks, also thanks to Tanaka's performance, as one of the director's most mature achievements.<ref name="Jacoby">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="bfi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 1944 saw her first collaboration with director Keisuke Kinoshita in the patriotic piece Army. The film became famous for its finale which, a subversion of its militarist message, showed a mother (Tanaka) desperately trying to catch a last glimpse of her son who is marching off to war.<ref name="Jacoby" /><ref name="bfi" />

Post-war careerEdit

File:Yoshikata Yoda, Kinuyo Tanaka, Kenji Mizoguchi - in Paris, 1953.jpg
Screenwriter Yoshikata Yoda, Kinuyo Tanaka and Kenji Mizoguchi visit Paris, 1953

Starting in October 1949, Tanaka made a three-month trip to the United States as one of Japan's first post-war cultural envoys.<ref name="Jasper" /> On her return, Tanaka displayed an inheritance of cultural mannerisms from America which many of her fans found distasteful.<ref name="Irene2">Template:Cite book</ref> She resigned from Shochiku and announced her intention of going freelance, which would give her more scope to choose which directors she wished to work with. She subsequently worked on films with Mikio Naruse, Ozu, Kinoshita, Gosho and others. She had a close working relationship with director Kenji Mizoguchi, having parts in 15 of his films, including leading roles in The Life of Oharu (1952), Ugetsu (1953) and Sansho the Bailiff (1954). A recurrent topic of these films, both contemporary and historic dramas, was the fate of women mistreated by family, lovers and society.<ref name="bfi" /> Tanaka's and Mizoguchi's involvement was the subject of much speculation,<ref name="Jasper" /><ref name="Irene" /> on which the actress commented in the 1975 documentary Kenji Mizoguchi: The Life of a Film Director that she and Mizoguchi were "married in front of the camera, but not behind it". Their working relationship ended when Mizoguchi countered a recommendation from the Directors Guild of Japan for the Nikkatsu studio to hire her as a director.<ref>Tony Rayns video essays in the Masters of Cinema edition of The Crucified Lovers/The Woman in the Rumor.</ref>

Director and actressEdit

Tanaka was the second Japanese woman who worked as a film director, after Tazuko Sakane. Despite Mizoguchi's objection against her application,<ref name="Irene" /> Tanaka was able to give her directing debut with Love Letter in 1953. Scripted by Kinoshita, it was entered as a contestant in the Cannes Film Festival in 1954. She directed five more films between 1953 and 1962, focusing on the subject of femininity; while her films received less attention from contemporary commentators and Tanaka herself downplayed them, interest in them has been revived in recent years for their unique and pioneering portrayals of Japanese women.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Moon Has Risen (Tsuki wa noborinu) in 1955 was scripted by Yasujirō Ozu,<ref name="moon">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and The Wandering Princess (Ruten no onna) was scripted by Natto Wada and starred Machiko Kyō.<ref name="Jasper" /> One of Tanaka's most acknowledged films, The Eternal Breasts,<ref name="bfi" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> follows the biography of the late tanka poet Fumiko Nakajo (1922–1954). In addition to her directing jobs, Tanaka continued with her acting career, appearing in Kinoshita's The Ballad Of Narayama (1958), for which she received the Kinema Junpo Award for Best Actress,<ref name="Jasper" /> and in Akira Kurosawa's Red Beard (1965). During the 1960s, she moved increasingly towards television. For her performance as an aged prostitute in Kei Kumai's 1975 Sandakan N° 8 she won the Best Actress Award at the 25th Berlin International Film Festival.<ref name="berlinale">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Tanaka died of a brain tumor on 21 March 1977.<ref name="kinenote" />

LegacyEdit

File:141122 Tanaka Kinuyo Cultural Museum Shimonoseki Yamaguchi pref Japan01s3.jpg
A museum in Tanaka's hometown is nicknamed the "Kinuyo Tanaka Cultural Museum" in her honor.

Director Masaki Kobayashi, to whom she was second cousin,<ref name="Jasper" /> initiated an award bearing her name.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Since 1985, the Kinuyo Tanaka Award (田中絹代賞) for an actress' works and career is awarded at the annual Mainichi Film Concours ceremony.

A 22-film retrospective of Tanaka's acting and directorial work, her first U.S. retrospective including U.S. premieres of her directorial efforts, was held from January 15-April 30, 1993 at Japan Society.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

A wave of renewed international interest in Tanaka's work started in 2012 with a symposium and retrospective at the University of Leeds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2018, Irene Gonzalez-Lopez and Michael Smith published the first English-language collection on Tanaka's work and life, Tanaka Kinuyo: Nation, Stardom and Female Subjectivity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2020, artistic director of the Locarno Film Festival Lili Hinstin announced a major retrospective dedicated to Tanaka actress and director,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> postponed in 2021 due to the Covid Pandemic situation and then cancelled after she left the festival.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2021, all six of the films Tanaka directed were screened theatrically in digitally remastered versions at the Cannes Film Festival and the Lyon Film Festival.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three of these films were presented in 4K restorations at the 34th Tokyo International Film Festival.<ref name="tokyo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

FilmographyEdit

Actress (partial)Edit

Tanaka appeared in 258 films,<ref name="jmdb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> not counting TV appearances. Template:Div col

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1964: The Scent of Incense (香華, Kōge) – directed by Keisuke Kinoshita
  • 1965: Red Beard (赤ひげ, Akahige) – directed by Akira Kurosawa
  • 1966: Futari no hoshi (二人の星) – television drama, TBS
  • 1967: Momotarō-zamurai (桃太郎侍) – television drama, NTV
  • 1970: Momi no ki wa nokotta (樅ノ木は残った) – television drama, NHK
  • 1970: Asu no shiawase (明日のしあわせ) – television drama, NET
  • 1971: Nyonin Heike (女人平家) – television drama, ABC
  • 1973: Singular rebellion (たった一人の反乱 Tatta hitori no hanran) – television drama, NHK
  • 1974: Sandakan No. 8 (サンダカン八番娼館 望郷, Sandakan hachiban shōkan: bōkyō) – directed by Kei Kumai
  • 1974: Rin rin to (りんりんと) – television drama, HBC
  • 1974: Jaane (じゃあね) – television drama, NHK
  • 1975: Kenji Mizoguchi: The Life of a Film Director (ある映画監督の生涯 溝口健二の記録, Aru eiga-kantoku no shōgai Mizoguchi Kenji no kiroku) – directed by Kaneto Shindō
  • 1975-1977: Zenryaku ofukurosama (前略おふくろ様) – television drama, NTV
  • 1976: Kita No misaki (北の岬) – directed by Kei Kumai
  • 1976: Maboroshi no machi (幻の町) – television drama, HBC
  • 1976: Kumo no jūtan (雲のじゅうたん) – appeared as a narrator, television drama, NHK
  • 1976: Sekishun no uta (惜春の歌) – television drama, CBC
  • 1976: Lullaby of the Earth (大地の子守歌, Daichi no komoriuta) – directed by Yasuzo Masumura

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Director (complete)Edit

Honours and awardsEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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