Kismayo
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Kismayo (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Transliteration; Template:Langx) is a port city in the southern Lower Juba (Jubbada Hoose) province of Somalia. It is the commercial capital of the autonomous Jubaland region.
The city is situated Template:Convert southwest of the capital Mogadishu, near the mouth of the Jubba River, where it empties into the Indian Ocean. According to the United Nations Development Programme, the city of Kismayo had a population of around 89,333 in 2005.<ref name="docs.unocha.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
During the Middle Ages, Kismayo and its surrounding area was part of the Ajuran Empire that governed much of southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia, with its domain extending from Hafun in the north, to Qelafo in the west, to Kismayo in the south.<ref name="Cassanelli">Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600–1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.102.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the early modern period, Kismayo was ruled by the Geledi Sultanate and by the later 1800s, the Boqow dynasty. The kingdom was eventually incorporated into Italian Somaliland in 1925/6 after the death of the last sultan, Osman Ahmed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After independence in 1960, the city was made the center of the official Kismayo District.
Kismayo was the site of numerous battles during the civil war, from the early 1990s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In late 2006, Islamist militants affiliated with Al-Shabaab gained control of most of the city. To reclaim possession of the territory, a new autonomous regional administration dubbed Azania was announced in 2010 and formalized in 2011. In September 2012, the Somali National Army and AMISOM troops re-captured the city from the Al-Shabaab insurgents.<ref name="Asaftk"/> The Juba Interim Administration was established and recognized in 2013.<ref name="Sjgraibtie">Template:Cite news</ref>
HistoryEdit
AntiquityEdit
During antiquity, Kismayo was part of the Somali city-states that in engaged in a lucrative trade network connecting Somali merchants with Phoenicia, Ptolemic Egypt, Greece, Parthian Persia, Saba, Nabataea and the Roman Empire. Somali sailors used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the beden to transport their cargo.<ref name="ReferenceA">Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref>
Middle Ages and the early modern periodEdit
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The Kismayo area was originally a small fishing settlement.<ref name="Cassanelli"/>
During the Middle Ages, the region came under the rule of the influential Ajuran Sultanate, which utilized the Jubba River for its plantations.
After the collapse of this polity, the House of Gobroon was established and the Sultanate of the Geledi held sway over the area. The dynasty reached its apex under the successive reigns of Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, who successfully consolidated Gobroon power during the Bardera wars, and Sultan Ahmed Yusuf, who forced regional powers such as the Omani Empire to submit tribute.
Colonial EraEdit
Until 1886, the Sultanate of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the Swahili Coast, known as Zanj. Following the Berlin Conference of 1885, the British and Germans secretly agreed their spheres of influence, with the British to take what would become the East Africa Protectorate. Both powers leased coastal territory from Zanzibar and established trading stations and outposts. William Mackinnon, who already had an agreement with the Sultan, formed the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1888 and the company was given the original grant to administer the territory, leased from the Sultan. It administered about Template:Convert of coastline stretching from the River Jubba via Mombasa to German East Africa. The company failed and on 1 July 1895 the British government proclaimed a protectorate, the East Africa Protectorate, the administration being transferred to the Foreign Office.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
To reward the Italians for joining the Allies in World War I,<ref name="Oliver">Template:Cite book and Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, 2012, 21.</ref> and following the Corfu incident of 1923, Britain decided to cede Kismayo and the northern half of Jubaland unconditionally to the Italian colonial empire.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The northern half of the partitioned Jubaland territory, had a brief existence from 1924 as the Italian colony of Trans-Juba (Oltre Giuba). The Italians referred to the city as Chisimaio. The colony had a total area of 87,000 km2 (33,000 sq mi), with a population of 120,000 inhabitants. Jubaland was then incorporated into neighbouring Italian Somaliland on 30 June 1926.
Britain retained control of the southern half of the partitioned Jubaland territory, which was later called the Northern Frontier District (NFD).<ref name="Ospftf">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1941 Operation Canvas was launched from the NFD with the Battle of the Juba. Kismayo was quickly captured by 14 February.<ref name="Jackson"> Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Vincent">Template:Cite book</ref>
Somali Civil WarEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Following the breakdown of central authority that accompanied the civil war in 1991, various local militias fought for control of the city, including supporters of Mohammed Said Hersi ("General Morgan"), and Col. Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale Somali National Front (SNF), later on known as the Juba Valley Alliance (JVA). As well of Col. Omar Jess' Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM). Aid worker Sean Devereux was assassinated in the city in January 1993. In March 1993, a United States Marine amphibious group arrived in the city in an attempt to keep the peace as part of the United Nations intervention in Somalia. By December 1993, General Morgan's troops controlled Kismayo, despite the presence of peacekeepers. The last UN troops left the city in December 1994.<ref>N.Y. Times, World News Briefs; Last U.N. Peacekeepers Prepare to Leave Somalia, December 12, 1994</ref>
General Morgan briefly declared Jubaland independent on September 3, 1998.<ref name=FOOTNOTES-TO-HISTORY-G-TO-J>Footnotes to History: G to J Template:Webarchive Footnotes to History</ref> Political opponents of his subsequently united as the Allied Somali Forces (ASF), seizing control of Kismayo by June of the following year.<ref name=SOMALIA-ASSESSMENT>Somalia Assessment, September 1999 Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration & Nationality Directorate, Home Office, UK</ref> Led by Colonel Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale, the ASF administration renamed itself the Juba Valley Alliance in 2001.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} – also shows Italian colonial flag & links to map</ref> On June 18 of that year, an 11-member interclan council decided to ally the JVA with the newly forming Transitional Federal Government.<ref>Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia, 11 Oct 2001, Document S/2001/963 United Nations Security Council</ref>
On January 8, 2007, as the Battle of Ras Kamboni raged just south of Kismayo, the TFG relocated from its interim location in Baidoa to the nation's capital, Mogadishu. This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that the federal government controlled most of the country.<ref name="Gosppsdott">Somalia President, Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term Template:Webarchive</ref>
Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al‑Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. By January 2009, Al‑Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In September 2012, Somali Army, Ras Kamboni militiamen and Kenyan Defense Forces (KDF), all under command of the African Union Mission in Somalia AMISOM, re-captured the city from the Al-Shabaab insurgents during the Battle of Kismayo (2012).<ref name="Asaftk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This was a culmination to the Kenyan Operation Linda Nchi attack into Somalia which had begun late the year before.
On 12 July 2019, a car bomb and a gun attack at the Asasey hotel killed at least 26, including two prominent journalists and nine foreigners. Islamist group al-Shabaab claimed responsibility.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
GeographyEdit
LocationEdit
Kismayo is located in the fertile Juba Valley in southeastern Somalia, on the Somali Sea coast. Nearby settlements include to the northeast Xamareyso (5.0 nm), to the north Dalxiiska (1.3 nm), to the northwest Qeyla Dheere (6.4 nm), to the west Saamogia (0.9 nm), to the southwest Iach Bulle (10.0 nm), and to the south Qandal (6.5 nm).<ref name="Frgkm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The largest cities in the country most proximate to Kismayo are Jamaame (52 km), Jilib (97 km), and Merca (337 km).<ref name="Wfkm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ClimateEdit
Kismayo has a tropical semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) Weather is hot year-round, with seasonal monsoon winds and irregular rainfall with recurring droughts. The gu rains, also known as the Southwest Monsoons, begin in April and last until July producing significant fresh water and allowing lush vegetation to grow. The gu season is followed by the xagaa (hagaa) dry season.
GovernmentEdit
A new municipal district administration was established on 6 September 2008. Its members reportedly represented the ICU and Al‑Shabaab (three members each) in addition to a local clan (one member) which had played a part in the military assault.<ref>Garowe Online 2008, 'Somalia's Islamists appoint Kismayo administration' Template:Webarchive, Garowe Online, 6 September. Retrieved on 7 September 2008.</ref> Representatives of the Islamic Courts Union questioned the legitimacy of the authority.<ref>All Africa, Islamic Courts Reject Administration Formed By Al-Shaabab in Kismayu city, Sep. 8, 2008</ref> On 1 October 2009, Al Shabaab took full control of the city, after Sheikh Ahmed Madobe, a senior commander of Ras Kamboni Brigade (then a part of Hizbul Islam), challenged Al‑Shabaab's control.<ref>Garowe Online, 'Al Shabaab seize control of Kismayo after battle' Template:Webarchive, Garowe Online, 1 October. Retrieved on 4 October 2009.</ref>
With the subsequent ouster of the Al-Shabaab rebels in September 2012, the Somali government began preparing mediations between the city's various stakeholders in order to establish an inclusive local administration.<ref name="Atespok">Template:Cite news</ref> On 28 August 2013, the autonomous Jubaland administration signed a national reconciliation agreement in Addis Ababa with the federal government. Endorsed by the federal State Minister for the Presidency Farah Abdulkadir on behalf of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, the pact was brokered by the Foreign Ministry of Ethiopia and came after protracted bilateral talks.
Under the terms of the agreement, Jubaland is administered for a two-year period by a Juba Interim Administration and led by the region's incumbent president, Ahmed Mohamed Islam. The regional president serves as the chairperson of a new Executive Council, to which he appoints three deputies. Additionally, the agreement includes the integration of Jubaland's military forces under the central command of the Somali National Army (SNA), and stipulates that the Juba Interim Administration will command the regional police.<ref name="Sjgraibtie"/><ref name="Sgrtjia">Template:Cite news</ref>
DistrictsEdit
Kismayo is divided into 4 districts, or degmo (see map):
- Calanley
- Farjano
- Shaqaalaha
- Fanoole
EducationEdit
Institutions of higher learning in the city include Kismayo University (KU). Established in August 2005, it is situated about 1 km north, along the Kismayo–Mogadishu main road.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Women's rightsEdit
In 2022 Adar Ismail Jurati led a consultative meeting with government officials and people who perform female gential mutilation (FGM) with a view to stopping the practice in the area.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EconomyEdit
In October 2008, the daily labor rate was estimated at 157,500 Somali shillings (approximately $4.50), up from 52,000 shillings (approximately $2.21) in January 2008, while a kilogram of red rice rose from 14,170 (approximately $0.61) to 46,000 (approximately $1.31).<ref>Food Security Analysis Unit – Somalia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Template:Usurped</ref> A liter of diesel cost 43,000 shillings (approximately $1.23) and a camel costs over 15 million shillings (approximately $435). Total cereal production as of 2008 was estimated to be 780MT.<ref>Food Security Analysis Unit – Somalia, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Template:Usurped, September 12, 2008</ref>
TransportationEdit
AirportEdit
Kismayo's air transportation needs are served by Kismayo Airport, which is situated about 10 km from the city. It was formerly a Somali Air Force training base. Following the outbreak of the civil war, the airport was closed down for a period of time and its infrastructure was significantly damaged. However, the facility was reopened in October 2008 by the Islamic Courts Union after undergoing some renovations.<ref>Abdulkadir Khalif, Somalia: Flights Carrying Khat Banned From Kismayu Airport, 6 October 2008</ref> That same year, the airport was also renamed after Imam Ahmed Gurey, a 16th‑century Somali military leader.<ref>AFP, Somalia Islamists rename Kismayo airport Template:Webarchive, 6 October 2008</ref>
The Kismayo Airport was officially brought under the Juba Interim Administration in August 2013. Per agreement, management of the facility was scheduled to be transferred to the Federal Government after a period of six months. Revenues and resources generated from the airport will also be earmarked for Jubaland's service delivery and security sectors as well as local institutional development.<ref name="Sjgraibtie"/>
RoadsEdit
Three main thoroughfares connect Kismayo to other major areas in the country. The 600 km Highway 3 runs the length of the Juba Valley. Starting in Beled Hawo, it goes through Garbaharey, Bardera and Buale before finally reaching Kismayo.
A paved 528 km freeway links the capital Mogadishu with Kismayo, passing through Jilib before turning towards the capital. A third highway extends northwest from Kismayo to Afmadow, then turns toward Dhobley in the eastern part of the Gedo region.
In January 2015, the Interim Juba Administration launched a transport beautification and cleaning campaign in Kismayo. Part of a broader urbanization drive, the initiative includes the clearing of clogged streets and lanes, razing of illegal buildings therein, and further development of the municipal road network.<ref name="Gtpckptbibamr">Template:Cite news</ref>
SeaportEdit
Kismayo's large docks are situated on a peninsula on the Somali Sea coast. Formerly one of the Bajuni Islands, the peninsula was connected by a narrow causeway when the modern Port of Kismayo was built in 1964 with U.S. assistance. The port served as a base for the Somali Navy as well as the Soviet Navy after the 1969 military coup.<ref>UPI, U.S. Will Spend $38.6 Million To Refurbish Port in Somalia, September 20, 1984</ref> In 1984, Somalia and the United States jointly refurbished the port after significant wear to the Template:Convert four-berth, marginal wharf made major renovations necessary.<ref name="stinet.dtic.mil">R. Lee Hadden, Topographic Engineering Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, The Geology of Somalia: a Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science, February 2007</ref>
The Port of Kismayo was officially brought under the Juba Interim Administration in August 2013. According to the agreement, management of the facility was scheduled to be transferred to the Somali Federal Government after a period of six months. Like Kismayo Airport, revenues and resources generated by the seaport are to be earmarked for Jubaland's service delivery and security sectors as well as local institutional development.<ref name="Sjgraibtie"/>
Notable residentsEdit
- Mohammed Sagaf, footballer born in Kismayo, currently representing Tanzania national football team
- Mohamed Ibrahim Liqliiqato, military and political leader; ambassador to the Soviet Union and West Germany; Speaker of Parliament (1983–1990)
- Abdullahi Ahmed Irro, general in the Somali National Army
- Hussein Samatar, politician, banker and community organizer
