Kobon language

Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other

Kobon (pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a language of Papua New Guinea. It has somewhere around 90–120 verbs.Template:Citation needed

Kobon has a pandanus language, spoken when harvesting karuka.<ref name="Pawley">Template:Cite book</ref>

Geographic distribution

Kobon is spoken in Madang Province and Western Highlands Province, north of Mount Hagen.

Phonology

Vowels

Monophthongal vowels are {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, diphthongs are {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} may be {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} word-initially. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is written Template:Angle bracket and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is written Template:Angle bracket.

Only {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and the diphthongs occur word-initially, apart from the quotative particle, which is variably /a~e~o~ö/. {{#invoke:IPA|main}} occur syllable-initially within a word. All vowels (including the diphthongs) occur syllable-medially (in CVC syllables), syllable-finally and at the ends of words. Many vowel sequences occur, including some with identical vowels.

Consonants

Kobon distinguishes an alveolar lateral {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a palatal lateral {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, a subapical retroflex lateral flap {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} ), and a fricative trill {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, though the frication on the latter is variable.

Kobon consonants and their allophones<ref>Davies (1981: 215 ff)</ref>

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Pharyngeal
Nasal		m Template:Angle bracket	n Template:Angle bracket	ɲ Template:Angle bracket	ŋ Template:Angle bracket
Obstruent	lenis	mb [p~b~mb~mpʰ] Template:Angle bracket	nd [tʰ~d~nd~ntʰ] Template:Angle bracket	ndʑ [dʑ~ɲdʑ~ɲtɕ] Template:Angle bracket	ŋɡ [k~ɡ~ɣ~ŋɡ~ŋkʰ] Template:Angle bracket
	fortis	f [f~ɸ~β~v~ʋ~p̚] Template:Angle bracket	s Template:Angle bracket	tɕ [tɕ~dʑ] Template:Angle bracket	x [kʰ~kx~x~ɣ] Template:Angle bracket
Lateral			l [l~ɬ] Template:Angle bracket	ʎ Template:Angle bracket
Rhotic			r [ɾ̝̊~ɾ̥~ɾ~r̝̊~r̥~r] Template:Angle bracket	𝼈 [ɭ~ɽ~ɽ̊] Template:Angle bracket
Approximant		w Template:Angle bracket		j Template:Angle bracket		ħ [h] Template:Angle bracket

Voiced obstruents may be prenasalized after vowels, depending on the preceding consonant, and are voiceless word-initially. Liquids other than {{#invoke:IPA|main}} tend toward final devoicing. For example, final {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and final {{#invoke:IPA|main}} tends to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} do not occur in final position, while nasals and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} retain voicing.) Voiceless consonants other than {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are optionally voiced between vowels.

Template:Angle bracket is sublaminal retroflex. It has been described as a lateral flap, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

All consonants occur syllable initially, though {{#invoke:IPA|main}} only occurs word-initially in a single mimetic word. All consonants but {{#invoke:IPA|main}} occur syllable- and word-finally. Clusters occur in many (C)VC.CV(C) words, as well as initially in a handful of mostly monosyllabic CCV(C) words. Attested initial clusters are {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

Kobon positional allophones

	word-initially	intervocalically	word-finally
Template:Angle bracket	ɾ̥~ɾ̝̊	ɾ~r	ɾ̥~ɾ̝̊~r̥~r̝̊~ɾ~r
Template:Angle bracket	ɽ		ɭ~ɽ~ɽ̊
Template:Angle bracket	l		ɬ~l
Template:Angle bracket	kʰ~k͜x~x also ɣ intervocalically
Template:Angle bracket	ɸ~f	β~ʋ<ref>Word medially next to a consonant, Template:Angbr is {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} depending on the voicing of that consonant.</ref> (occas. v)	ɸ~p̚
Template:Angle bracket	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ~d͡ʑ	t͡ɕ
Template:Angle bracket	ɡ~k	ɡ~ɣ, ŋ͡ɡ	ŋ͡kʰ
Template:Angle bracket	d͡ʑ	d͡ʑ, ɲ͡d͡ʑ	ɲ͡t͡ɕ
Template:Angle bracket	d	d, n͜d	n͜tʰ (occas. tʰ)
Template:Angle bracket	b (occas. p)	b, m͜b	m͡pʰ

Intervocalically, the lenis obstruents are oral {{#invoke:IPA|main}} when a nasal or another lenis obstruent occurs in the preceding syllable, and are prenasalized {{#invoke:IPA|main}} otherwise, with some variability after {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. They are often oral in a medial cluster after another consonant. Otherwise the allophones in the table above are largely in free variation.

Writing system

Kobon has been written in the Latin alphabet for over 30 years. The special letters ƚ and ɫ are used for the subapical retroflex lateral flap and palatal lateral, respectively.

a b c d e g h i j k l ƚ ɫ m n ñ ŋ o ö p r s u ü w y

5–15% of Kobon speakers are literate.

Grammar

Template:Expand section Kobon is a subject–object–verb language. Singular, dual, and plural are distinguished in personal pronouns and kinship terminology.

Like the other Kalam languages, Kobon is famous for having a closed set of very small number of verbs—perhaps less than 120 for the entire language.Template:Citation needed These verbs are combined other verbs, in serial verb constructions, and with nouns into phrases with specific meanings, much as one says "have dinner" rather than "dine" in English.

This makes for an interesting window into semantics. One might expect that with a very limited set of verbs, their meanings would be quite general as have, do, be and go are in English. To a certain extent this is really the case, as there is for example only one verb of perception. That is, the same verb is used for see, hear, taste, smell, feel (both physically and emotionally), think, and understand (compare with "I see" for "I understand" in English). Another verb is used for making sound, whether it's speaking, singing, praying, crying, twigs breaking, rocks clattering, or water gurgling. However, some Kobon verbs are quite specific. There is one exception for sound; for example, there is a specific verb for calling a pig. There are also three verbs of pouring, depending on whether the thing being poured is solid, liquid, or food; and there is even a verb that means to quarter a cassowary.

References

• John Davies, 1981. Kobon. Lingua Descriptive Series 3.