Kubaba

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox royalty Kubaba (Template:Langx, Template:Transliteration) was a legendary Mesopotamian queen who according to the Sumerian King List ruled over Kish for a hundred years before the rise of the dynasty of Akshak. It is typically assumed that she was not a historical figure.Template:Sfn

Name

Kubaba's name was written in cuneiform as kù-^dba-ú, kù-^dbu-ú, ku-ub-ba-bu-ú or ku-ub-ba-bu-ú.Template:Sfn It is also romanized as Ku-Baba, with a hyphen separating the elements and the first letter of the theonym capitalized.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The first sign can be transcribed as kug rather than ku, which is reflected by the title of the corresponding entry in the Reallexikon der Assyriologie, Ku(g)-Baba.Template:Sfn This name can be translated from Sumerian as "radiant Baba"Template:Sfn or "silver of Baba".Template:Sfn The correct reading of the last sign in the theonym used as the second element of this theophoric name remains a matter of debate, with /u/ and /wu/ proposed in addition to /ba/.Template:Sfn The name of the queen can accordingly be alternatively romanized as Kug-BauTemplate:Sfn or Kug-Bawu.Template:Sfn

Queen Kubaba and goddess Kubaba

Due to spatial and temporal differences, a connection between the names of Kubaba and the similarly named goddess Kubaba cannot be established.Template:Sfn Gonzalo Rubio stresses that the name of the latter has no clear etymology and cannot be interpreted as originating in either Sumerian or any of the Semitic languages.Template:Sfn It was written in cuneiform as ^dku-ba-ba or ^dku-pa-pa.Template:Sfn

Historicity

Arguments have been made that Kubaba might have been a historical ruler, though this view is not regarded as plausible today.Template:Sfn Earliest sources mentioning her were only composed centuries after she supposedly lived.Template:Sfn Assyriologists consider her a "legendary"Template:Sfn or "mythical" ruler.Template:Sfn As noted by Gianni Marchesi, names starting with the element ku- are not attested before the Ur III period, and placing a ruler bearing one of them in the Early Dynastic period constitutes an anachronism.Template:Sfn Claus Wilcke points out that in the Sumerian King List Kubaba's reign is supernaturally long, lasting 100 years.Template:Sfn It has been pointed out that the SKL does not accurately reflect Early Dynastic history, as indicated by the complete omission of Lagash, which was a major political power, especially during the reign of Eannatum.Template:Sfn Kubaba is also not mentioned in any of the discovered inscriptions of historical Early Dynastic rulers.Template:Sfn Martel Stol concludes that texts mentioning Kubaba should only be interpreted as speculation about traditional folk stories.Template:Sfn

Attestations in literary texts

Sumerian King List

Kubaba is mentioned in the Sumerian King List, though due to her gender her inclusion is considered unusual.Template:Sfn While some modern authors refer to her as a queen,Template:Sfn the Sumerian title applied to her is lugal ("king"), which had no feminine counterpart.Template:Sfn A recension from Ur instead states that there was no king while Kubaba reigned.Template:Sfn She is the only ruler from the third dynasty of Kish listed.Template:Sfn The list describes her as an innkeeper (^míLÚ.KAŠ.TIN-na), credits her with "strengthening the foundation of Kish" and attributes a 100 years long reign culminating in a temporary transfer of power from Kish to Akshak before it was regained by Puzur-Suen.Template:Sfn The latter ruler is said to be Kubaba's son, which makes her the grandmother of Ur-Zababa, a legendary opponent of historical Sargon of Akkad; Piotr Steinkeller points out that the historicity of these rulers of Kish and the related Sargon tradition is contradicted by an inscription which mentions the city was sacked by Enshakushanna of Uruk, who might have been a contemporary of Sargon, and its king at the time, who was taken as a captive, was named Enbi-Eštar.Template:Sfn The oldest known copies of the SKL date back to the Ur III period.Template:Sfn While names of some rulers, for example Mesannepada, were likely sourced from votive inscriptions, others, like Bazi and Zizi, might have been ordinary given names copied from lexical lists, such as the Early Dynastic so-called Names and Professions List, or outright inventions.Template:Sfn Early versions of the SKL do not contain anecdotes about individual rulers, including Kubaba, which indicates they most likely were a later invention.Template:Sfn The compilers used few, if any, historical accounts.Template:Sfn Accordingly, Kubaba's background is treated as fantastical, and has been compared to other unusual stories or members of various professions becoming kings in the same composition, including the fuller Susuda, the sailor Mamagal, and the stone worker Nanniya.Template:Sfn

Other texts

In the so-called Weidner Chronicle, which is considered a derivative of the Sumerian King List,Template:Sfn the order of Kubaba's dynasty and the dynasty of Akshak is switched around, with Template:Ill reigning before her rather than later on.Template:Sfn The section dedicated to her is poorly preserved.Template:Sfn It relays how Kubaba was granted kingship by Marduk after he delivered an offering of fish to his temple Esagil.Template:Sfn The composition is focused on conveying the message that kings who neglected to worship Marduk were rendered powerless, and to that end employs a number of anachronisms,Template:Sfn this account being one of them.Template:Sfn It is known from Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian copies, and was originally composed no earlier than around 1100 BCE.Template:Sfn

References to Kubaba are also known from texts focused on omens linked to liver divination.Template:Sfn As noted by Beate Pongratz-Leisten, references to legendary rulers such as her, Gušur, Etana or Gilgamesh in works belonging to this category were meant to establish them as paradigmatic models of kingship.Template:Sfn In one of the omen compendiums, the "omen of Kubaba" is the birth of an androgynous being with both a penis and a vagina.Template:Sfn It is possible the birth of a sheep rather than a human is meant.Template:Sfn Such an event is said to foretell that "the country of the king shall be ruined".Template:Sfn Marten Stol argues that its negative character reflected a negative perception of a woman fulfilling a typically masculine role, that of a ruler.Template:Sfn Other omens preserve a tradition according to which Kubaba was a warrior.Template:Sfn

References

Bibliography

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