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La Défense ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a major business district in France's Paris metropolitan area, Template:Convert west of the city limits. It is located in Île-de-France region's department of Hauts-de-Seine in the communes of Courbevoie, La Garenne-Colombes, Nanterre, and Puteaux.
La Défense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district, covering Template:Convert, for 180,000 daily workers,<ref name="Key figures"/><ref name="VilleCourbevoie">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with 72 glass and steel buildings (of which 20 are completed skyscrapers, out of 24 in the Paris region), and Template:Convert of office space. Around its Grande Arche and esplanade ("le Parvis"), La Défense contains many of the Paris urban area's tallest high-rises. Westfield Les Quatre Temps, a large shopping mall in La Défense, has 220 stores, 48 restaurants and a 24-screen movie theatre.<ref name="ParisDigest">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Paris La Défense Arena, the largest indoor arena in Europe, was inaugurated in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The district is located at the westernmost extremity of the Template:Convert Axe historique ("historical axis") of Paris, which starts at the Louvre in Central Paris and continues along the Champs-Élysées, well beyond the Arc de Triomphe along the Avenue de la Grande Armée before culminating at La Défense. The district is centred in an orbital motorway straddling the Hauts-de-Seine department communes of Courbevoie, La Garenne-Colombes, Nanterre and Puteaux. La Défense is primarily a business district and hosts a population of 50,000 permanent residents and 75,000 students.<ref name="Key figures"/><ref name=VilleCourbevoie /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> La Défense is also visited by 8,000,000 tourists each year<ref name=VilleCourbevoie /> and houses an open-air museum.<ref name="Open-air museum" />
HistoryEdit
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La Défense is named after the statue La Défense de Paris by Louis-Ernest Barrias, which was erected in 1883 to commemorate the soldiers who had defended Paris during the Franco-Prussian War.
In September 1958, the Template:Ill (EPAD) buildings (of which the Esso Tower was the first) were constructed and began to slowly replace the city's factories, shanties, and even a few farms. The Centre of New Industries and Technologies (CNIT) was built and first used in 1958. These "first generation" skyscrapers were all very similar in appearance, limited to a height of Template:Convert. In 1966, the Nobel Tower was the first office skyscraper built in the area. In 1970, the RER line A railway was opened from La Défense to Étoile.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1974, a contract for a Défense-Cergy high-speed hovercraft train was signed and soon abandoned.
In the early 1970s, in response to great demand, a second generation of buildings began to appear, but the economic crisis in 1973 nearly halted all construction in the area. A third generation of towers began to appear in the early 1980s. The biggest shopping centre in Europe (at the time), the Quatre Temps, was created in 1981. In 1982, the EPAD launched the Tête Défense competition to find a monument to complete the Axe historique, which eventually led to the construction of Grande Arche at the west end of the quarter. During the same period, hotels were constructed, the CNIT was restructured, and in 1992, Line 1 of the Paris Métro was extended to La Défense, which made the area readily accessible to more of the city.Template:Citation needed
On Bastille Day 1990, French electronic composer Jean-Michel Jarre staged an ambitious concert at the site, using the Grande Arche and three of the area's towers as projection screens, and building a pyramidal stage above the road. The free concert, titled Paris la Défense, attracted two million spectators, stretching all the way back to the Arc de Triomphe. This beat Jarre's own previous world record for the largest attendance for a musical concert. After Jean Michel Jarre, German DJ Sash! and the singer La Trec set the video clip for their song Stay at La Défense in 1997.
After a stagnation in new development in the mid-1990s, La Défense is once again expanding and is now the largest purpose-built business district in Europe.
Major corporations headquartered at La Défense include Neuf Cegetel, Société Générale, TotalEnergies, Aventis, Areva, and Arcelor. The tallest skyscraper, the Tour First belongs to AXA, constructed in 1974. It is Template:Convert high, has 50 floors, and is the highest inhabited building in the Paris area. This title was previously held by the Tour Montparnasse, which was the tallest inhabited building until the Tour First was renovated between 2007 and 2011, bringing it to its current height from a previous Template:Convert; the tallest structure in Paris is the Eiffel Tower.
On 9 September 2008, La Défense celebrated its 50th anniversary with a huge fireworks display.<ref>"La Défense : 50 ans d'histoire" Template:Webarchive 9 November 2008, Danielle Birck Template:In lang</ref>
In December 2005, Template:Ill, CEO and chairman of EPAD (La Defense Management and Development Office) announced an ambitious nine-year development plan called Template:Ill. This important modernisation plan has to give a new dimension to the district and focuses on four main axes: regenerate outdated skyscrapers, allow new buildings, improve the balance between offices and residential housing, and make the transport of local employees from their homes to La Défense easier. There are three aims: building Template:Convert of offices within demolition/rebuilding projects, building Template:Convert of offices within new projects, and building Template:Convert of housing.
In July 2006, the government confirmed this plan, which has to be carried out around 2015. It is justified by the strong estate pressure, which plays in favour of building new skyscrapers near Paris. Those constructions have the advantage of being more economical than small buildings. But it will have to overcome some difficulties: the French economy faced a short-term slowdown;Template:When the government is trying to balance tertiary sector employment in the whole region again, because today La Défense concentrates a major part of those jobs; and traffic is already saturated in the district, while it would need huge investments to extend transport infrastructures.
It launched high-profile international competitions and/or construction approval of several key Template:Convert tall sustainable development-style skyscrapers such as Tour Signal, Tour Phare, Hermitage Plaza, and Tour Generali. During said December 2005 Press Conference, EPAD released to the public an elaborate 3D animation film titled La Défense 2016.
EducationEdit
Paris La Défense brings together the cluster of Leonardo da Vinci University Center, the IA Institut,<ref>IA Institut s’apprête à devenir un pôle d’enseignement de référence autour des datas et de l’IA</ref> a campus of EPITA<ref>Le ministère des Armées recrute des profils cyber à l'Epita</ref> and 4 business schools: EDC Paris Business School, ESSEC Business School, ICN Graduate Business School and IESEG School of Management<ref>ÉTUDIER</ref> It is also home to the European School of Paris-La Défense, an international primary and secondary school that was accredited as a European School in 2020.
Area specificationsEdit
- Divided into 4 major sectors<ref name="Key figures"/>
- Template:Convert<ref name="Key figures"/>
- Template:Convert of offices<ref name="Key figures"/>
- Template:Convert of flagstone and sidewalk<ref name="Key figures"/>
- Template:Convert of shops (including the Template:Convert Westfield Les Quatre Temps Shopping Mall)<ref name="Key figures"/>
- Template:Convert of greenery<ref name="Key figures"/>
- 180,000 employees<ref name="Key figures"/>
- 70,000 students<ref name="Key figures"/>
- 50,000 residents<ref name="Key figures"/>
- 2,600 hotel rooms<ref name="Key figures"/>
- 1,500 businesses<ref name="Key figures"/>
- 500+ companies<ref name="Key figures"/>
- 150 restaurants<ref name="Key figures"/>
- 61 skyscrapers, 76m (250 ft) average building height<ref name="Key figures"/>
- Monument Défense Paris - Courbevoie (FR92) - 2023-09-16 - 1.jpg
The name of the district comes from the statue of La Défense de Paris by Louis-Ernest Barrias which commemorates the Parisian resistance during the Franco-Prussian War.
- La Défense, Paris, France at night.jpg
View from Arc de Triomphe at night.
- La Défense and Bois de Boulogne from the Eiffel Tower, 11 June 2017 002.jpg
View from Eiffel Tower.
- Centre commercial Les Quatre Temps.jpg
The Mall "Westfield Les Quatre Temps", one of Europe's largest shopping centers.
- Skylight tower - La Défense - 2017-09-23.jpg
- Western part of La Défense as seen from the Grande Arche - 2020-07-07.jpg
Western part of La Défense as seen from the Grande Arche.
- La Défense from the top of the Grande Arche to the east - 2022-08-13.jpg
La Défense from the top of the Grande Arche.
Open-air museumEdit
Besides the representative architecture, the area also houses an open-air museum with 70 statues and pieces of modern art,<ref name="Open-air museum">La Défense > Artworks: Guide 2013. Leaflet published by Defacto, Établissement public de gestion du quartier d'affaires de la Défense.</ref> including the following works:
- César, Thumb (1965)
- Joan Miró, Two fantastic characters (1976)
- Alexander Calder, Red Spider (1976)
- Yaacov Agam, Fountain (1977)
- Richard Serra, Slat (1982)
- Shelomo Selinger, The Dance (1983)
- Bernar Venet, Two Indeterminate Lines (1988)
- Takis, Bright Trees (1990)
- Igor Mitoraj, Tindaro (1997)
- Emily Young, Four Heads (2002)
- Patrick Blanc, Green wall (2006)
- Louis-Ernest Barrias, La Défense de Paris (1883)
- François Morellet, La Défonce (1990)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Guillaume Bottazzi, Peinture de 216 m2 (2014)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col end
- Bottazzi-public-art-la-defense-france.jpg
Guillaume Bottazzi, Untitled, c. 2014
Highrise buildingsEdit
- Tour First - La Defense - Inauguration 6 mai 2011.jpg
- Tour-Total.jpg
- Areva1.jpg
- Tour Trinity La Défense France.jpg
Completed highrise buildings above 50 m (164 ft) (1967–2024)Edit
| Name | Built | Use | Height | Levels | Municipality | |
| metres | feet | |||||
| Tour First (formerly tour AXA) | 1974/2011 | office | 231 | 758 | 50 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Hekla | 2022 | office | 220 | 722 | 51 | Puteaux |
| Tour Majunga | 2014 | office | 194 | 636 | 47 | Puteaux |
| Tour Total (Coupole) | 1985 | office | 187 | 614 | 48 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Engie (T1) | 2008 | office | 185 | 607 | 37 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Granite (Société Générale) | 2008 | office | 184 | 600 | 37 | Nanterre |
| Tour CB21 (formerly tour Gan) | 1974 | office | 179 | 587 | 42 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Areva | 1974 | office | 178 | 584 | 44 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Saint-Gobain | 2020 | office | 178 | 584 | 39 | Courbevoie |
| Tour D2 | 2014 | office | 171 | 561 | 37 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Alicante (Société Générale) | 1995 | office | 167 | 548 | 37 | Nanterre |
| Tour Chassagne (Société Générale) | 1995 | office | 167 | 548 | 37 | Nanterre |
| Tour EDF | 2001 | office | 165 | 541 | 41 | Puteaux |
| Tour Carpe Diem | 2013 | office | 162 | 531 | 38 | Courbevoie |
| Cœur Défense | 2001 | office | 161 | 528 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Alto | 2020 | office | 160 | 525 | 38 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Adria (Technip) | 2002 | office | 155 | 509 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Égée (Ernst&Young) | 1999 | office | 155 | 509 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Ariane | 1975 | office | 152 | 499 | 36 | Puteaux |
| Tour Trinity | 2020 | office | 151 | 495 | 32 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Dexia (CBX) | 2005 | office | 142 | 466 | 36 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Europlaza | 1995 | office | 135 | 443 | 31 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Défense 2000 | 1974 | residential | 134 | 440 | 47 | Puteaux |
| Tour Eqho (formerly tour Descartes) | 1988 | office | 130 | 427 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Les Poissons | 1970 | mixed | 129.5 | 425 | 42 | Courbevoie |
| Tour France | 1973 | residential | 126 | 413 | 40 | Puteaux |
| Tour Franklin | 1972 | office | 120 | 394 | 33 | Puteaux |
| Tour Sequoia (Bull, Cegetel, SFR) | 1990 | office | 119 | 390 | 33 | Puteaux |
| Tour Winterthur | 1973 | office | 119 | 390 | 33 | Puteaux |
| Tour CGI (CB16) | 2003 | office | 117 | 384 | 32 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Neptune | 1972 | office | 113 | 371 | 28 | Courbevoie |
| Préfecture des Hauts-de-Seine | 1974 | office | 113 | 371 | 25 | Nanterre |
| Grande Arche | 1989 | monument, office | 110 | 361 | 37 | Puteaux |
| Tour Manhattan | 1975 | office | 110 | 361 | 32 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Aurore | 1970 | office | 110 | 361 | 29 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Eve | 1975 | mixed | 109 | 358 | 30 | Puteaux |
| Tour Initiale | 1967 | office | 109 | 358 | 30 | Puteaux |
| L'archipel | 2021 | office | 106 | 353 | 24 | Nanterre |
| Tour Nuage 1, Tours Aillaud | 1976 | residential | 105 | 344 | 39 | Nanterre |
| Tour Nuage 2, Tours Aillaud | 1976 | residential | 105 | 344 | 39 | Nanterre |
| Tour Gambetta | 1975 | residential | 104 | 341 | 37 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Cèdre | 1998 | office | 103 | 338 | 26 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Opus 12 | 1973 | office | 100 | 328 | 27 | Puteaux |
| Tour Athéna | 1984 | office | 100 | 328 | 25 | Puteaux |
| Tour Europe | 1969 | office | 99 | 325 | 28 | Courbevoie |
| Tour AIG | 1967 | office | 99 | 325 | 27 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Prisma (Tour Kvaerner) | 1998 | office | 97 | 318 | 25 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Atlantique | 1970 | office | 95 | 312 | 27 | Puteaux |
| Tour Pascal | 1983 | office | 95 | 312 | 27 | Puteaux |
| Tour Pacific | 1992 | office | 90 | 295 | 25 | Puteaux |
| Skylight | 2017 | residential | 76 | 249 | 19 | Puteaux |
| Rose de Cherbourg residence | 2018 | housing | 75 | 246 | 20 | Puteaux |
| Tour Eria | 2021 | mix | 59.35 | 195 | 13 | Puteaux |
Upcoming highrise buildings (2024–2027)Edit
| Name | Use | Height | Levels | Municipality | Status | Estimated Year of Completion | |
| metres | feet | ||||||
| The Link | office | 244 | 801 | 52 | Puteaux | under construction | 2025 |
| Tour Sister 1 | office | 229 | 718 | 55 | Courbevoie | approved | 2027 |
| Tour des Jardins de l'Arche | office & hotel | 210 | 656 | 54 | Nanterre | approved | 2027 |
| Tour C/ (Odyssey) | office | 187 | 613 | 42 | Courbevoie | approved | 2026 |
| Tour O/ (Odyssey) | mix | 174 | 570 | 33 | Courbevoie | approved | 2026 |
| Tours Sister 2 | office | 131 | 396 | 26 | Courbevoie | approved | 2027 |
| Tour D/ (Odyssey) | mix | 101 | 331 | ? | Courbevoie | approved | 2026 |
Canceled projectsEdit
- Tour Sans Fins (1989): Template:Convert
- Hermitage Plaza (2022): Template:Convert
- Tour Generali (2011): Template:Convert
- Tour Signal (2009): Template:Convert
- Tour Phare (2018): Template:Convert
See alsoEdit
- Paris La Défense Arena
- List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region
- List of tourist attractions in Paris
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Schaugg, Johannes: High-Rise Buildings – La Défense, Books on Demand 2009, Template:ISBN.
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage
- Satellite image from Google Maps
- La Défense de Paris
- Site officiel de l'EPAD (Établissement Public pour l'Aménagement de la Défense) Template:In lang
- Connecting-Paris, web site created by the Chamber of commerce and industry of Paris to help companies setting up in La Defense Template:In lang
- Expatriates Magazine, A printed publication distributed within various corporations situated in La Defense helping international employees integrate within the workplace and city Template:In lang
- Les bâtiments de la Défense Template:In lang
- Structurae: Structural engineering and architecture guide to Paris-La Défense Template:In lang
Template:Coord Template:La Défense Template:Visitor attractions in Paris Template:Courbevoie Template:Nanterre Template:Puteaux Template:Authority control