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Labyrinthulomycetes

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Labyrinthulomycetes (ICNafp) or Labyrinthulea<ref name="CAVALIER-SMITH_1997"/> (ICZN) is a class of protists that produce a network of filaments or tubes,<ref name="TSUI_2009"/> which serve as tracks for the cells to glide along and absorb nutrients for them. The two main groups are the labyrinthulids (or slime nets) and thraustochytrids. They are mostly marine, commonly found as parasites on algae and seagrasses or as decomposers on dead plant material. They also include some parasites of marine invertebrates and mixotrophic species that live in a symbiotic relationship with zoochlorella.<ref name="SCHÄRER_2007"/><ref name="PAN_2016"/><ref name="GOMAA_2013"/>

CharacteristicsEdit

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= Template:Ambox }} }} Although they are outside the cells, the filaments of Labyrinthulomycetes are surrounded by a membrane. They are formed and connected with the cytoplasm by a unique organelle called a sagenogen or bothrosome. The cells are uninucleated and typically ovoid, and move back and forth along the amorphous network at speeds varying from 5-150 μm per minute. Among the labyrinthulids, the cells are enclosed within the tubes, and among the thraustochytrids, they are attached to their sides.

EvolutionEdit

Evolutionary originEdit

Labyrinthulomycetes are not fungi, but a monophyletic group of eukaryotes within the Stramenopiles. They belong to the phylum Bigyra, which contains other heterotrophic microorganisms such as the bicosoecids. Considering that the plastids from Stramenopiles are possibly the result of an event of endosymbiosis in their last common ancestor, the bicosoecids and the labyrinthulomycetes could have originated from a mixotrophic algal common ancestor that secondarily lost their plastids.<ref name="TSUI_2009"/>

Some characteristics of the labyrinthulomycetes can be explained by their origin from ancestral plastids. They produce omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids using a desaturase usually present in chloroplasts. The zoospores of labyrinthulids have an eyespot composed of membrane-bound granules that resembles eyespots of photosynthetic stramenopiles, which are either within a plastid or believed to be derived from a plastid.<ref name="TSUI_2009"/>

Within Bigyra, the labyrinthulomycetes are the sister group to Eogyrea, a class containing the species Pseudophyllomitus vesiculosus and the environmental clade called MAST-4. Together they compose the subphylum Sagenista.<ref name="8phyla"/><ref name="THAKUR_2019"/>

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ClassificationEdit

Labyrinthulomycetes or Labyrinthulea used to compose the defunct fungal phylum Labyrinthulomycota.<ref name="HANDBOOK_PROTISTS_14"/> They were originally considered unusual slime moulds, although they are not very similar to the other sorts. The structure of their zoospores and genetic studies show them to be a primitive group of heterokonts, but their classification and treatment remains somewhat unsettled.

This class usually contained two orders, Labyrinthulales and Thraustochytriales (ICBN), or Labyrinthulida and Thraustochytrida (ICZN), but a different classification has recently been proposed.<ref name="GOMAA_2013"/><ref name="ANDERSON_2012"/><ref name="FIORITO_2016"/><ref name="ADL_2019"/><ref name="HANDBOOK_PROTISTS_14"/>

Genetic codeEdit

The labyrinthulomycete Thraustochytrium aureum is notable for the alternative genetic code of its mitochondria which use Template:Mono as a stop codon instead of coding for Leucine.<ref name="WIDEMAN_2019"/> This code is represented by NCBI translation table 23, Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code.<ref name="NCBI_GENCODES"/>

Genetic code Translation
table		 DNA codon RNA codon Translation
with this code		 Standard code
(Translation table 1)
Thraustochytrium mitochondrial 23 Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono Template:Mono

GalleryEdit

  • Aplanolm.jpg

    Aplanochytrium sp. under light microscope

  • Aplanosem.png

    Aplanochytrium sp. under SEM

  • Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21.jpg

    Aurantiochytrium sp.

  • Collection Penard MHNG Specimen 48-2-4 Amphitrema stenostoma.tif

    Test of Amphitrema, a testate amoeba recently included in the group

  • Tsenkovsky Lev Semyonovich.jpg

    Leon Cienkowski, Russian botanist who in 1867 described Labyrinthula, the first genus of the group<ref>Cienkowski, L. (1867). Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung der Labyrinthuleen. Arch. mikr. Anat., 3:274, [1].</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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