Lake Tana
Template:Short description Template:Infobox body of water
Lake Tana (Template:Langx; previously transcribed TsanaTemplate:Sfn) is the largest lake in Ethiopia and a source of the Blue Nile. Located in Amhara Region in the north-western Ethiopian Highlands, the lake is approximately Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide, with a maximum depth of Template:Convert,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and an elevation of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lake Tana is fed by the Gilgel Abay, Reb and Gumara rivers. Its surface area ranges from Template:Convert, depending on season and rainfall. The lake level has been regulated since the construction of the control weir where the lake discharges into the Blue Nile. This controls the flow to the Blue Nile Falls (Tis Abbai) and hydro-power station.
In 2015, the Lake Tana region was nominated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve recognizing its national and international natural and cultural importance.<ref>Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve</ref>
OverviewEdit
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Lake Tana was formed by volcanic activity, blocking the course of inflowing rivers in the early Pleistocene epoch, about 5 million years ago.<ref name="springer">Template:Cite book</ref>
The lake was originally much larger than it is today. Seven large permanent rivers feed the lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. The main tributaries to the lake are Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), and the Megech, Gumara, and Rib rivers.<ref name="springer"/>
Lake Tana has a number of islands, whose number varies depending on the level of the lake. It has fallen about Template:Convert in the last 400 years. According to Manoel de Almeida (a Portuguese missionary in the early 17th century), there were 21 islands, seven to eight of which had monasteries on them "formerly large, but now much diminished."<ref name="Beckham"/> When James Bruce visited the area in 1771, he noted that the locals counted 45 inhabited islands, but stated he believed that "the number may be about eleven."<ref name="Beckham"/> Anton Stecker, in 1881, made a detailed examination of the lake, enabling substantially accurate maps,Template:Sfn and counted 44 islands.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A 20th-century geographer named 37 islands, of which he believed 19 have or had monasteries or churches on them.<ref name="Beckham">C.F. Beckham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646, (series 2, no. 107; London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. 35 and note.</ref>
Remains of ancient Ethiopian emperors and treasures of the Ethiopian Church are kept in the isolated island monasteries (including Kebran Gabriel, Ura Kidane Mehret, Narga Selassie, Daga Estifanos, Medhane Alem of Rema, Kota Maryam, and Mertola Maryam). On the island of Tana Qirqos is a rock shown to Paul B. Henze, on which he was told the Virgin Mary had rested on her journey back from Egypt; he was also told that Frumentius, who introduced Christianity to Ethiopia, is "allegedly buried on Tana Cherqos."<ref>Paul B. Henze, Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 73. Template:ISBN</ref> The body of Yekuno Amlak is interred in the monastery of St. Stephen on Daga Island. Emperors whose tombs are also on Daga include Dawit I, Zara Yaqob, Za Dengel, and Fasilides. Other important islands in Lake Tana include Dek, Mitraha, Gelila Zakarias, Halimun and Briguida.
The monasteries are believed to have been built during the Middle Ages over earlier religious sites. They include the fourteenth-century Debre Maryam, and the eighteenth-century Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos (said to have housed the Ark of the Covenant before it was moved to Axum), and Ura Kidane Mehret, known for its regalia. A ferry service links Bahir Dar with Gorgora via Dek Island and various lakeshore villages.
There is also Zege Peninsula on the southwest portion of the lake. Zege is the site of the Azwa Maryam monastery.
Water characteristics and floodsEdit
Compared to other tropical lakes, the waters in Lake Tana are relatively cold, typically ranging from about Template:Cvt. The water has a pH that is neutral to somewhat alkaline and its transparency is quite low.<ref name=Vijverberg2009>Template:Cite book</ref>
Because of the large seasonal variations in the inflow of its tributaries, rain and evaporation, the water levels of Lake Tana typically vary by Template:Cvt in a year, peaking in September–October just after the main wet season. When the water levels are high, the plains around the lake often are flooded and other permanent swamps in the region become connected to the lake.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/>
FaunaEdit
Since there are no inflows that link the lake to other large waterways and the main outflow, the Blue Nile, is obstructed by the Blue Nile Falls, the lake supports a highly distinctive aquatic fauna, which generally is related to species from the Nile Basin.<ref name=FEOW>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). Lake Tana. Template:Webarchive Accessed 24 January 2012</ref> The lake's nutrient levels are low.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/>
FishEdit
There are 27 fish species in Lake Tana and 20 of these are endemic.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> This includes one of only two known cyprinid species flocks (the other, from Lake Lanao in the Philippines, has been decimated by introduced species). It consists of 15 relatively large, up to Template:Convert long, Labeobarbus barbs that formerly were included in Barbus instead.<ref name=FEOW/><ref name=barbs1>de Graaf, Dejen, Sibbing and Osse (2000). Barbus tanapelagius, A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology. Environmental Biology of Fishes 59 (1): 1-9.</ref> Among these, L. acutirostris, L. longissimus, L. megastoma and L. truttiformis are strictly piscivorous, and L. dainellii, L. gorguari, L. macrophtalmus and L. platydorsus are mostly piscivorous.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Their most important prey are the small Enteromius and Garra species.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/><ref name=barbs1/><ref name=barbs2>de Graaf, Megens, Samallo, Sibbing (2007). Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation. Animal Biology 57(1): 39–48.</ref> The remaining Labeobarbus in Lake Tana have other specialized feeding habits: L. beso (non-endemic and not closely related to the others) feeds on algae, L. surkis mostly on macrophytes, L. gorgorensis on macrophytes and molluscs, L. brevicephalus on zooplankton (however, juveniles of all members of the species flock feed on zooplankton), L. osseensis on macrophytes and adults insects, and L. crassibarbis, L. intermedius (non-endemic but closely related to the others), L. nedgia and L. tsanensis on benthic invertebrates like chironomid larvae. Among the endemic Labeobarbus, eight species spawn in the lake's wetlands and the remaining move seasonally into its tributaries where they spawn.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/>
In addition to the Labeobarbus species flock, the endemic species are Enteromius pleurogramma, E. tanapelagius, Garra regressus and Afronemacheilus abyssinicus (one of only two African stone loaches). The remaining non-endemic species are Nile tilapia (widespread in Africa, but with the endemic subspecies tana in the lake), E. humilis, G. dembecha, G. dembeensis and the large African sharptooth catfish.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/><ref name=FEOW/>
Fishing and threatsEdit
Lake Tana supports a large fishing industry, mainly based on the Labeobarbus barbs, Nile tilapia and sharptooth catfish. According to the Ethiopian Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 1,454 tons of fish were landed in 2011 at Bahir Dar, which the department estimated was 15% of its sustainable amount.<ref>"Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia", Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003</ref> Nevertheless, in a review that compared catches in 2001 to those ten years earlier, it was found that typical sizes of both the tilapia and the catfish had significantly decreased, and populations of the Labeobarbus barbs that breed in the tributaries had significantly declined.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Among the endemic fish, most are considered threatened (endangered or vulnerable) or data deficient (available data insufficient for evaluating a status) by the IUCN.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the early 2000s, the local government for the first time introduced a fisheries legislation and it is hoped this will have a positive effect on the fish populations.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/>
Other serious threats are habitat destruction and pollution. Bahir Dar has become a large city and it is rapidly growing; its wastewater is generally released directly into the lake.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> The vegetation in the lake's wetlands, which are an important nursery for the Labeobarbus and other fish, are being cleared at a fast pace. A potentially serious threat to the unique ecosystem would be an introduction of a large and efficient predatory species like the Nile perch, which has been implicated in numerous extinctions in Lake Victoria. The piscivorous Labeobarbus of Lake Tana are relatively inefficient predators that can only take fish up to about 15% of the length of the predator itself.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/>
Other faunaEdit
Among other fauna, the lake supports relatively few invertebrates: There are fifteen species of mollusks, including one endemic, and also an endemic freshwater sponge.<ref name=FEOW/>
About 230 species of birds, including more than 80 wetland birds such as the great white pelican, African darter, hamerkop, storks, African spoonbill, ibis, ducks, kingfishers and African fish eagle, are known from Lake Tana.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> It is an important resting and feeding ground for many Palearctic migrant waterbirds.<ref name=FEOW/>
There are no crocodiles, but the African softshell turtle and Nile monitor have been recorded near the Blue Nile outflow from the lake.<ref>Largen and Spawls (2010). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Template:ISBN</ref> Hippos are present, mostly near the Blue Nile outflow.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/>
ReferencesEdit
Works citedEdit
External linksEdit
- Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve
- Lake Tana project webpage of The Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)
- Lake Tana project Template:Webarchive at Aberystwyth University
- Photographs of the lake
- Unesco plan for Lake T'ana
- Template:Usurped
- Pictures from Lake Tana and the Monasteries