Laryngitis

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Prose Template:Infobox medical condition (new)

Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx (voice box).<ref name="BMJ2014">Template:Cite journal</ref> Symptoms often include a hoarse voice and may include fever, cough, pain in the front of the neck, and trouble swallowing.<ref name="BMJ2014" /><ref name="PubMed2016">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Typically, these last under 2 weeks.<ref name="BMJ2014" />

Causes

Laryngitis is categorized as acute if it lasts less than 3 weeks and chronic if symptoms last more than 3 weeks.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Acute cases usually occur as part of a viral upper respiratory tract infection,<ref name="BMJ2014" /> other infections, and trauma such as from coughing or other causes.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Chronic cases may occur due to smoking, tuberculosis, allergies, acid reflux, rheumatoid arthritis, or sarcoidosis.<ref name="BMJ2014" /><ref name="Dworkin2008">Template:Cite journal</ref> The underlying mechanism involves irritation of the vocal cords.<ref name="PubMed2016" />

Diagnosis

Concerning signs that may require further investigation include stridor, history of radiation therapy to the neck, trouble swallowing, duration of more than 3 weeks, and a history of smoking.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> If concerning signs are present. the vocal cords should be examined via laryngoscopy.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include epiglottitis, croup, inhaling a foreign body, and laryngeal cancer.<ref name="BMJ2014" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Treatment and epidemiology

The acute form of the infection, or acute laryngitis, generally resolves without specific treatment.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Resting the voice and sufficient fluids may help.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Antibiotics generally do not appear to be useful in the acute form.<ref name="Rev2015">Template:Cite journal</ref> The acute form is common while the chronic form of the infection, or chronic laryngitis, is not.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Chronic laryngitis occurs most often in middle age and is more common in men than women.<ref name="Dh2014">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:TOC limit

Signs and symptoms

The primary symptom of laryngitis is a hoarse voice.<ref name=":07"/>Template:Rp Because laryngitis can have various causes, other signs and symptoms may vary.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They can include:

• Dry or sore throat
• Coughing (both a causal factor and a symptom of laryngitis)
• Frequent throat clearing
• Increased saliva production
• Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
• Sensation of swelling in the area of the larynx (discomfort in the front of the neck)
• Globus pharyngeus (feeling like there is a lump in the throat)
• Cold or flu-like symptoms (which, like a cough, may also be a causal factor for laryngitis)
• Swollen lymph nodes in the throat, chest, or face
• Fever
• General muscle pain (myalgia)
• Shortness of breath, predominantly in children

Voice quality

Aside from a hoarse-sounding voice, changes to pitch and volume may occur with laryngitis. Speakers may experience a lower or higher pitch than normal, depending on whether their vocal folds are swollen or stiff.<ref name=BMJ2014/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They may also have breathier voices, as more air flows through the space between the vocal folds (the glottis), quieter volume,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and a reduced range.<ref name="BMJ2014"/>

Causes

File:Laryngitis.png

Laryngitis

Laryngitis can be infectious as well as noninfectious in origin. The resulting inflammation of the vocal folds results in a distortion of the sound produced there.<ref name="BMJ2014"/> It normally develops in response to either an infection, trauma to the vocal folds, or allergies.<ref name="Dworkin2008"/> Chronic laryngitis may also be caused by more severe problems, such as nerve damage, sores, and polyps, or hard and thick lumps (nodules) on the vocal cords.<ref>Template:Cite book Template:Verify source</ref>

Acute

Viral

• Most acute cases of laryngitis are caused by viral infections,<ref name="BMJ2014"/> the most common of which tend to be rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In patients who have a compromised immune system, other viruses such as herpes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may also be potential causes.Template:Citation needed

Bacterial

• This is another major cause of acute laryngitis, and it may develop in conjunction with or due to a bacterial infection.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Common bacterial strains are group A streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, C. diphtheriae, M. catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis, , and M. tuberculosis. In developing countries, more unusual bacterial cases may occur, such as mycobacterial and syphilitic, though these may occur in developed nations as well.<ref name="BMJ2014" />

Fungal

• Laryngitis caused by fungal infection is common but not frequently diagnosed according to a review by BMJ and can account for up to 10% of acute laryngitis cases.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Patients with both functioning and impaired immune systems can develop fungal laryngitis, which may develop as a result of recent antibiotic or inhaled corticosteroids use.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Certain strains of fungi that may cause laryngitis include, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Candida (especially in immunocompromised persons), Cryptococcus, and Coccidioides.Template:Citation needed

Trauma

• Trauma is often due to excessive use of the vocal folds such as by yelling, screaming, or singing. Though this often results in damage to the outer layers of the vocal folds, the subsequent healing process may lead to changes in the physiology of the folds.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Another potential cause of inflammation may be overuse of the vocal cords.<ref>Template:Cite book Template:Verify source</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal Template:Verify source</ref><ref>Template:Cite book Template:Verify source</ref><ref>Template:Cite book Template:Verify source</ref><ref>Template:Cite book Template:Verify source</ref> Laryngeal trauma, including iatrogenic (caused by endotracheal intubation), can also result in inflammation of the vocal cords.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Chronic

Allergies

• Findings are unclear as to whether asthma may cause symptoms commonly associated with laryngitis.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> Some researchers have posited that allergic causes of laryngitis are often misdiagnosed as being the result of acid reflux.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Reflux

• One possible explanation of chronic laryngitis is that inflammation is caused by gastro-esophageal reflux, which causes subsequent irritation of the vocal folds.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Autoimmune disorders

• Between approximately 30 and 75% of persons with rheumatoid arthritis report symptoms of laryngitis.<ref name="BMJ2014" />
• Symptoms of laryngitis are present in only 0.5–5% of people that have sarcoidosis.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> According to a meta-analysis by Silva et al. (2007), this disease is often an uncommon cause of laryngeal symptoms and is frequently misdiagnosed as another voice disorder.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of different forms of acute laryngitis include:

• Laryngitis following trauma: This form of laryngitis is usually identified by obtaining a case history providing information on previous phono-traumatic experiences, internal trauma caused by recent procedures as well as any previous neck injuries.<ref name="BMJ2014" /><ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Acute viral laryngitis: This form of laryngitis is characterized by lower vocal pitch as well as hoarseness.<ref name="BMJ2014" /><ref name=":0" /> The symptoms in this form of laryngitis are usually present for less than 1 week, however they can persist for 3–4 weeks.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> This form of laryngitis might also be accompanied by upper respiratory tract symptoms such as sore throat, odynophagia, rhinorrhea, dyspnea, postnasal discharge, and congestion.<ref name="BMJ2014" />
• Fungal laryngitis: A biopsy and culture of an abnormal lesion may help confirm fungal laryngitis.<ref name="BMJ2014" />

Visual diagnosis

The larynx itself will often show erythema (reddening) and edema (swelling). This can be seen with laryngoscopy or stroboscopy (method depends on the type of laryngitis).<ref name=":07"/> Stroboscopy may be relatively normal or may reveal asymmetry, aperiodicity, and reduced mucosal wave patterns.<ref name=stats>Template:Cite journalFile:CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</ref>

Other features of the laryngeal tissues may includeTemplate:Citation needed

• Redness of the laryngeal tissues (acute)
• Dilated blood vessels (acute)
• Thick, yet dry laryngeal tissue (chronic)
• Stiff vocal folds
• Sticky secretions between the vocal folds and nearby structures (the interarytenoid region)

Referral

Some signs and symptoms indicate the need for early referral.<ref name=BMJ2014/> These include:

• Difficulty swallowing
• Vocal stridor
• Ear pain
• Recent weight loss
• History of smoking
• Current or recent radiotherapy treatment (in the neck region)
• Recent neck surgery or surgery involving endotracheal tubing
• Person is a professional voice user (teacher, singer, actor, call center worker, etc.)

Differential diagnosis

• Acute epiglottitis: This is more likely in those with stridor, drooling, and painful or trouble swallowing.<ref name="BMJ2014" />
• Spasmodic dysphonia<ref name=stats/>
• Reflux laryngitis<ref name=stats/>
• Chronic allergic laryngitis<ref name=stats/>
• Neoplasm<ref name=stats/>
• Croup: This presents with a barking cough, hoarseness of voice, and inspiratory stridor.<ref name=":0" />

Treatment

Treatment is often supportive in nature, and depends on the severity and type of laryngitis (acute or chronic).<ref name="BMJ2014"/> General measures to relieve symptoms of laryngitis include behavior modification, hydration, and humidification.<ref name="BMJ2014"/>

Vocal hygiene (care of the voice) is very important to relieve symptoms of laryngitis. Vocal hygiene involves measures such as resting the voice, drinking sufficient water, reducing caffeine and alcohol intake, stopping smoking, and limiting throat clearing.<ref name="BMJ2014"/>

Acute laryngitis

In general, acute laryngitis treatment involves vocal hygiene, painkillers (analgesics), humidification, and antibiotics.<ref name="BMJ2014"/><ref name=Rev2015/>

Viral

The suggested treatment for viral laryngitis involves vocal rest, pain medication, and mucolytics for frequent coughing.<ref name=":07">Template:Cite book</ref> Home remedies such as tea and honey may also be helpful.<ref name="BMJ2014"/> Antibiotics are not used for treatment of viral laryngitis.<ref name="BMJ2014"/><ref name=":32">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Bacterial

Antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial laryngitis, especially when symptoms of upper respiratory infection are present.<ref name=":07"/> However, the use of antibiotics is highly debated for acute laryngitis. This relates to issues of effectiveness, side effects, cost, and possibility of antibiotic resistance patterns. Overall, antibiotics do not appear to be very effective in the treatment of acute laryngitis.<ref name=Rev2015/>

In severe cases of bacterial laryngitis, such as supraglottitis or epiglottitis, there is a higher risk of the airway becoming blocked.<ref name=":07"/> An urgent referral to a physician should be made to manage the airway.<ref name="BMJ2014"/> Treatment may involve humidification, corticosteroids, intravenous antibiotics, and nebulised adrenaline.<ref name=":07"/>

Fungal

Fungal laryngitis can be treated with oral antifungal tablets and antifungal solutions.<ref name="BMJ2014"/><ref name=":07"/> These are typically used for up to 3 weeks and treatment may need to be repeated if the fungal infection returns.<ref name=":07"/>

Trauma

Laryngitis caused by excessive use or misuse of the voice can be managed through vocal hygiene measures.Template:Citation needed

Chronic laryngitis

Reflux

Laryngopharyngeal reflux treatment primarily involves behavioral management and medication.<ref name="BMJ2014"/><ref name=":07"/> Behavioral management involves aspects such as:

• Wearing loose clothing
• Eating smaller, more frequent meals
• Avoiding certain foods (e.g., caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods)<ref name=":07"/>

Anti-reflux medications may be prescribed for patients with signs of chronic laryngitis and hoarse voice.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> If anti-reflux treatment does not result in a decrease of symptoms, other possible causes should be examined.<ref name="BMJ2014"/> Over-the-counter medications for neutralizing acids (antacids) and acid suppressants (H-2 blockers) may be used.<ref name=":07"/> Antacids are often short-acting and may not be sufficient for treatment.<ref name=":07"/> Proton pump inhibitors are an effective type of medication.<ref name=":07"/> These should only be prescribed for a set period of time, after which the symptoms should be reviewed due to significant long-term side effects, such as bone loss.<ref name="BMJ2014"/> Proton pump inhibitors do not work for everyone. A physical reflux barrier (e.g., Gaviscon Liquid) may be more appropriate for some.<ref name="BMJ2014"/> Antisecretory medications (i.e., ulcers) can have several side-effects.<ref name="BMJ2014"/>

When appropriate, anti-reflux surgery may benefit some individuals.<ref name="BMJ2014"/>

Inflammatory

When treating allergic laryngitis, topical nasal steroids and immunotherapy have been found to be effective for allergic rhinitis.<ref name=":07"/> Antihistamines may also be helpful, but can create a dryness in the larynx.<ref name=":07" /> Inhaled steroids that are used for a long period can lead to problems with the larynx and voice.<ref name=":07" />

Autoimmune

Mucous membrane pemphigoid may be managed with medication (cyclophosphamide and prednisolone).<ref name="BMJ2014"/>

Granulomatous

Sarcoidosis is typically treated with systemic corticosteroids. Less frequently used treatments include intralesional injections or laser resection.<ref name="BMJ2014"/>

Prognosis

Acute

Acute laryngitis may persist, but will typically resolve on its own within 2 weeks.<ref name="BMJ2014"/> Recovery is likely to be quick if the patient follows the treatment plan.<ref name=":42">Template:Cite journal</ref> In viral laryngitis, symptoms can persist for an extended period, even when upper respiratory tract inflammation has been resolved.<ref name=":32"/>

Chronic

Laryngitis that continues for more than 3 weeks is considered chronic.<ref name="BMJ2014"/> If laryngeal symptoms last for more than 3 weeks, a referral to a physician should be made for further examination, including direct laryngoscopy.<ref name="BMJ2014" /> The prognosis for chronic laryngitis varies depending on the cause of the laryngitis.<ref name=":42"/>

External links

• Mayo Clinic