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Leaf beetle

Article Discussion

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Leaf beetles are British insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000)Template:Citation needed species in more than 2,500 genera, making it one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research.

Leaf beetles are partially recognizable by their tarsal formula, which appears to be 4-4-4, but is actually 5-5-5 as the fourth tarsal segment is very small and hidden by the third.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As with many taxa, no single character defines Chrysomelidae; instead, the family is delineated by a set of characters.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some lineages are only distinguished with difficulty from longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae), namely by the antennae not arising from frontal tubercles. Members of former chrysomelid subfamilies (Orsodacnidae and Megalopodidae) are also difficult to differentiate from true chrysomelids.

Adult and larval leaf beetles feed on all sorts of plant tissue, with some being specialists on a particular plant species or family. Many are serious pests of cultivated plants, for example the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), the asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi), the cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus), the mustard beetle (Phaedon cochleariae) and various flea beetles, and a few act as vectors of plant diseases. Others are beneficial due to their use in biocontrol of invasive weeds. Some Chrysomelidae are conspicuously colored, typically in glossy yellow to red or metallic blue-green hues, and some (especially Cassidinae) have spectacularly bizarre shapes. Thus, they are highly popular among insect collectors.

DescriptionEdit

The imagos of leaf beetles are small to medium-sized, i.e. most species range from 1.0 to 18 mm in length, excluding appendages, with just a few larger species such as Alurnus humeralis, which reaches 35 mm. The bodies of most species are domed, and oval in dorsal view (though some are round or elongated), and they often possess a metallic luster or multiple colors. In most specimens, the antennae are notably shorter than head, thorax, and abdomen, i.e. not more than half their combined length. The second antennal segment is of normal size (which differentiates leaf beetles from the closely related longhorn beetles). In most species, the antennal segments are of a more or less equal shape, at most they gradually widen towards the tip, although some Galerucinae in particular have modified segments, mainly in males. The first segment of the antenna in most cases is larger than the following ones. The pronotum of leaf beetles varies between species. In most, it is slightly to highly domed and trapezoidal to rounded-squarish in dorsal view. In some subfamilies such as the Cassidinae and to a lesser extent the Cryptocephalinae, the head is covered by the pronotum and thus not visible from above. The first three sternites are not fused, instead being linked by mobile sutures. Most species possess wings, although the level of development and thus flight ability varies widely, including within a single species, and some are flightless with fused elytra.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

SubfamiliesEdit

The family includes these subfamilies:

Until recently, the subfamily Bruchinae was considered a separate family, while two former subfamilies are presently considered families (Orsodacnidae and Megalopodidae). Other commonly recognized subfamilies have recently been grouped with other subfamilies, usually reducing them to tribal rank (e.g., the former Alticinae, Chlamisinae, Clytrinae, and Hispinae). The extinct subfamily Protoscelidinae, containing fossils described from the Middle to Late Jurassic Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, has been transferred to the family Anthribidae.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

DietEdit

Chrysomelidae in general are herbivorous. Adults mostly feed on leaves and flowers of angiosperm plants, while larval diets are diverse.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Bruchinae larvae are seed-borers, usually in seeds of legumes. Many adults feed on pollen, not necessarily that of the larval host.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some do not feed as adults.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Cassidinae larvae may be leaf miners (many of the former Hispinae), stem borers (e.g. Estigmena) and external leaf feeders (e.g. Leptispa, Oediopalpa).<ref name=":2">Template:Citation</ref>
  • Chrysomelinae generally feed on leaves as adults and larvae, though some species feed on flowers instead.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Criocerinae larvae are usually leaf miners or feed externally on leaves.<ref name=":2" /> Some species are gallers instead.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Eumolpinae larvae feed on roots.<ref name=":2" />
  • Most Cryptocephalinae larvae live and feed in leaf litter, making them detritivores, while a few feed on green leaves.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some Cryptocephalinae have larvae that live in ant nests (myrmecophily), where they feed on dead plant or even dead animal matter.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

  • The semi-aquatic Donaciinae have larvae feeding on the sap of roots of aquatic plants. In addition to food, they also obtain oxygen this way, from the plant's intercellular spaces. Adults feed on leaves of aquatic plants.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • Galerucinae are quite varied, with larvae living in soil and feeding on rootlets (e.g. Aulacophora, Cerotoma, Diabrotica), mining leaves (some Monoxia) or feeding externally on plants (e.g. Arima, Galeruca, Galerucella).<ref name=":2" />
  • Lamprosomatinae larvae feed on green plant parts or graze on bark.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Sagrinae larvae mostly form galls in stems of shrubs,<ref name=":2" /> though Mecynodera balyi instead feeds inside seed pods of Pandorea vines.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Adults feed on pollen.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Spilopyrinae larvae are external leaf feeders.<ref name=":0" />
  • Synetinae larvae feed on roots, mainly of trees in cold northern forests.<ref name=":2" />

To be able to digest the plant matter, the beetles use enzymes like pectinases. This group of enzymes are either produced by the beetles themselves, due to horizontal gene transfer, or symbiotic bacteria provides them with the enzymes. But both solutions are never used simultaneously.<ref>Symbioses and gene transfer in leaf beetles</ref>

Natural enemiesEdit

A Finnish researcher published an exhaustive paper describing the natural enemies of the alder leaf beetle Plagiosterna aenea and other species of leaf beetles observed in the field.<ref>Template:Cite journal.</ref> Predators of chrysomelid eggs include true bugs such as Anthocorus nemorum and Orthotylus marginalis.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Hoverflies (e.g. Parasyrphus nigritarsis) sometimes lay eggs adjacent to beetle egg clutches and when the fly larva hatches it consumes beetle eggs and young larvae.<ref name=":1"/> Larval predators include A. nemorum, the bug Rhacognathus punctatus,<ref name=":1" /> and the wasp Symmorphus bifasciatus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some species of wasps, such as Polistes carolina, have been known to prey upon Chrysomelidae larvae after the eggs are laid in flowers.<ref name= canada>Template:Cite journal</ref> Adult beetles are consumed by R. punctatus.<ref name=":1" /> More information about natural enemies can be found in the articles about the chrysomelid beetles Chrysomela aeneicollis, Phratora laticollis and Phratora vitellinae.

GalleryEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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