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Leonard Wood

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Born in Winchester, New Hampshire, Wood became an army surgeon after earning a Doctor of Medicine degree from Harvard Medical School. He received the Medal of Honor for his role in the Apache Wars and became the personal physician to the President of the United States. At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Wood and Roosevelt organized the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry regiment. Wood was promoted to the rank of brigadier general during the war and fought in the Battle of San Juan Hill and other engagements. After the war, Wood served as the Military Governor of Cuba, where he instituted improvements to medical and sanitary conditions. President William Howard Taft made Wood the Army Chief of Staff in 1910, and Wood held that position until 1914. Several Republican leaders supported Wood for the role of commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, but the Woodrow Wilson administration selected John J. Pershing.

After Roosevelt's death in 1919, many of Roosevelt's former supporters backed Wood for the presidential nomination at the 1920 Republican National Convention. Wood received the most votes on the first four ballots of the convention, but the Republicans nominated Warren G. Harding. Wood retired from the army in 1921 and was appointed Governor-General of the Philippines later that year. He held that position until his death in 1927.

Biographer Jack Lane sums up his importance:

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Early life and educationEdit

Wood was born in Winchester, New Hampshire, on October 9, 1860, one of three children born to Dr. Charles Jewett Wood (1829–1880) and Caroline Elizabeth (Hagar) Wood (1836–1910).Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His family was of English descent, and Wood was descended from Mayflower passengers William White, Francis Cooke, Stephen Hopkins and Richard Warren.<ref name="Mayflower">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He served as Governor General of the Mayflower Society from 1915 to 1921.<ref name="Mayflower"/> Wood was also a member of the General Society of Colonial Wars<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the Sons of the Revolution.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was president of the Sons of the Revolution from 1910 to 1911.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Wood was raised in Pocasset, Massachusetts, and educated by a private tutor, then attended Pierce Academy in Middleborough, Massachusetts.Template:Sfn Wood tried unsuccessfully for an appointment to the United States Naval Academy and considered going to sea on an Arctic expedition or as a commercial fisherman.Template:Sfn In 1880, his sister Barbara died, followed soon after by the death of his father.Template:Sfn Wood's mother was able to support herself and Wood's brother Jacob by taking in boarders, while Wood moved away to further his education and obtain a profession.Template:Sfn With the assistance of a relative, Wood was introduced to wealthy businessman H. H. Hunnewell, a philanthropist who had provided college tuition for other promising young men.Template:Sfn Hunnewell agreed to fund Wood's education at Harvard Medical School, and Wood began attending courses in October 1880.Template:Sfn According to Hunnewell, who considered his financial support to young men attending college loans and not grants, but did not attempt to obtain repayment, Wood was the only beneficiary who ever paid him back.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Wood worked diligently and consistently improved his class standing to the point where he earned a scholarship that provided additional financial support for his studies.Template:Sfn

In 1884, Wood received his MD degree.<ref name="Register">Template:Cite book</ref> He interned at Boston City Hospital, but was fired near the end of the year for exceeding his authority by conducting surgical procedures without supervision.Template:Sfn He then took over the struggling Boston office of a classmate who had been hired by the Southern Pacific Railway.Template:Sfn Wood practiced medicine in late 1884 and into the following year, but business was not steady and he did not have a reliable income.Template:Sfn In 1885, he completed the examinations for a commission in the Army Medical Corps, attracted to the military by the possibilities for immediate employment and a regular salary.Template:Sfn He finished second of 59 applicants, but there was only one vacancy, so Wood was not immediately offered a commission.Template:Sfn

Early military careerEdit

File:Leonard Wood with horse.jpg
Wood as assistant surgeon at the start of his career

In June 1885, Wood was contracted by the U.S. Army to act as an assistant surgeon without rank, and he was posted to the Department of Arizona.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In January 1886, Wood was nominated by the president for appointment in the U.S. Army as assistant surgeon with the rank of first lieutenant.<ref name="nominate">Template:Cite news</ref> His appointment was among several the United States Senate delayed confirming until July 27, 1886.<ref name="Critic">Template:Cite news</ref> Until that time, he continued as a contract surgeon and was stationed with the 4th Cavalry at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Wood participated in the last campaign against Geronimo in the summer of 1886.Template:Sfn

Medal of Honor actionEdit

In 1898, Wood received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the 1886 Geronimo campaign, including carrying dispatches 100 miles through hostile territory, and commanding a detachment of the 8th Infantry Regiment whose officers had been killed in hand-to-hand combat against the Apaches.Template:Sfn Nelson A. Miles, the overall commander of the expedition, and Henry Ware Lawton, Wood's commander in the field, recommended Wood for a brevet promotion or a Medal of Honor, and lobbied persistently for 12 years until the medal was approved.Template:Sfn<ref name="Military Affairs">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Citation for Medal of Honor
The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Assistant Surgeon Leonard Wood, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in the Summer of 1886, in action in the Apache Campaigns in Arizona Territory. Assistant Surgeon Wood voluntarily carried dispatches through a region infested with hostile Indians, making a journey of 70 miles in one night and walking 30 miles the next day. Also for several weeks, while in close pursuit of Geronimo's band and constantly expecting an encounter, commanded a detachment of Infantry, which was then without an officer, and to the command of which he was assigned upon his own request.

Awarded for Actions During: Indian Campaigns Service: Army Unit: 4th U.S. Cavalry Date of Issue: April 8, 1898<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn

In late July 1886, Wood's appointment was confirmed and he received his commission as a first lieutenant.<ref name="Critic"/> In February 1887, he was appointed acting captain and temporary medical director of the Department of Arizona during the illness of his superior.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the end of 1887, Wood's medical duties took him to Fort Lowell, Arizona Territory, followed by duty at Fort Selden, Fort Stanton, and Fort Wingate, New Mexico.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1888, Wood was assigned to surgeon's duties at Fort McDowell, Arizona.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1889, Wood was reassigned to the Presidio of San Francisco.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Wood was promoted to captain in 1891.<ref name="Military Affairs"/>Template:Rp In 1892, he was part of a contingent of Presidio soldiers that traveled to Benicia Barracks to assist units of the California National Guard during the conduct of their annual training encampment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Georgia Tech footballEdit

File:Major General Leonard Wood plaque, Georgia Tech.jpg
Plaque honoring Wood at the Georgia Institute of Technology

While stationed at Fort McPherson in Atlanta, Wood enrolled in graduate school at Georgia Tech in order to be eligible for the school's football team.<ref name="Norris">Template:Cite news</ref> He organized the school's 1893 team, served as coach, and played left guard.<ref name="Norris"/> Wood led Georgia Tech to a 2–1–1 record, including a 28–6 victory over the University of Georgia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Spanish–American WarEdit

Wood was personal physician to Presidents Grover Cleveland and William McKinley through 1898.Template:Sfn During his White House service, Wood developed a friendship with Theodore Roosevelt, then Assistant Secretary of the Navy.Template:Sfn At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Wood and Roosevelt organized the 1st Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, popularly known as the Rough Riders.Template:Sfn Wood successfully commanded the regiment during the June 24, 1898 Battle of Las Guasimas.Template:Sfn When the brigade commander, Samuel B. M. Young, became ill, Wood received a field promotion to brigadier general of volunteers.Template:Sfn He assumed command of 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, Fifth Army Corps (which included the Rough Riders) and led the brigade to a famous July 1, 1898, victory in the combined assaults on Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill that came to be known as the Battle of San Juan Heights.Template:Sfn

File:Staff of the 1st US Volunteer Regiment, the "Rough Riders" in Tampa LCCN2013650937 Trim.jpg
Major General Joe Wheeler with the command group of the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment – Colonel Wood is second from right with Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt far right.

After San Juan Heights, Wood led the 2nd Cavalry Brigade for the rest of the war.Template:Sfn He stayed in Cuba afterward and was appointed military governor of Santiago later in 1898, then served as governor of Cuba from 1899 to 1902.Template:Sfn In that capacity, he relied on his medical experience to institute improvements to medical and sanitary conditions.Template:Sfn He also introduced numerous reforms similar to those of the Progressive Movement in the U.S., including improvements to the educational and court systems.Template:Sfn Though he did institute these improvements, Wood's motivations as military governor remain unclear. In a report to Washington in 1900, he outlined that Cuban stability would be reached when "money can be borrowed at a reasonable rate of interest and when capital is willing to invest in the island."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army shortly before moving to his next assignment.<ref name="Military Affairs"/>Template:Rp On May 15, 1902, prior to leaving office as military governor, Wood issued an order excluding Chinese immigrants.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Philippine–American WarEdit

Wood visited several European countries in 1902.<ref name="Indianapolis Journal">Template:Cite news</ref> His tour included reviewing German troops during Kaiser Wilhelm II's annual parade in August, which he attended with Samuel B. M. Young and Henry C. Corbin,<ref name="Indianapolis Journal" /> and a tour of the United Kingdom's Military College at Sandhurst in November.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1903, Wood proceeded to the Philippines during the Philippine–American War, where he served as governor of Moro Province until 1906, then commanded the Philippine Division from 1906 to 1908.<ref name="Bell">Template:Cite book</ref> He was promoted to major general in 1903 despite significant opposition from members of the United States Senate who believed he had not served long enough in the lower grades and had been promoted because of political influence, not merit.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Wood received criticism for his command of U.S. Marines during the First Battle of Bud Dajo in March 1906, during which hundreds of women and children were killed.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Though Wood did not directly command the assault, he took full responsibility for the resulting massacre, claiming that the high civilian casualties were the result of Moro men using women and children as human shields, as well as some Moro women dressing as men to join the fight.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At Wood's instigation, Governor-General Henry Clay Ide reported that the women and children killed were the result of collateral damage from artillery fire, but that there had been no massacre.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some of Wood's critics accused him of being a "glory hound" for ordering Marines to storm the dormant volcano crater where the battle took place instead of besieging the Moro encampment.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Due to the backlash over Bud Dajo, Wood resigned as governor of Moro Province in April 1906 and was succeeded by brigadier general Tasker H. Bliss.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He returned to the United States in 1908 and was assigned to command the Department of the East, with headquarters in New York City.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He remained in this post until 1910, when he was appointed Army Chief of Staff.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Army Chief of StaffEdit

File:John Singer Sargent - Leonard Wood - NPG.96.50 - National Portrait Gallery (cropped).jpg
John Singer Sargent, Leonard Wood, Maverick in the Making, 1903, National Portrait Gallery

Wood was named Army Chief of Staff in 1910 by President William Howard Taft, whom he had met while both were in the Philippines; he is the only medical officer to have held the position.<ref name="Cox">Template:Cite book</ref> As Chief of Staff, Wood implemented several programs, among which were the forerunner of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program, and the Preparedness Movement, a campaign for universal military training and wartime conscription.Template:Sfn The Preparedness Movement led to implementation of the Selective Service System shortly before World War I.Template:Sfn As chief of staff, Wood reorganized the general staff into three divisions – Mobile Army, Coast Artillery, and War College – each headed by an assistant chief of staff.<ref name="Venzon">Template:Cite book</ref> The three divisions he created did not last, but the overall result of his reorganization was the recognition that decentralization, which continued under his successors, enabled streamlined planning and decision making, which facilitated operations and training as the army began to prepare for U.S. entry into the war.<ref name="Venzon"/>

Commander of Army Eastern DepartmentEdit

In 1914, Wood completed his term as chief of staff and was succeeded by William Wallace Wotherspoon.Template:Sfn As commander of the army's Eastern Department for the second time, Wood was a strong advocate of the Preparedness Movement, led by Republicans, which alienated him from President Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat who pursued an isolationist and pacifist foreign policy.Template:Sfn Wood made speeches and wrote articles to advocate preparedness and in 1915 a collection of these works were published as a pro-preparedness book, The Military Obligation of Citizenship.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1916 he was elected as an honorary member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He served as a member of Harvard University's board of overseers from 1917 to 1923.<ref name="Register"/>

World War IEdit

File:General Leonard Wood Rol BNF Gallica.jpg
Wood Template:Circa 1919

With American entry into World War I looming in early 1917, the most likely choice to lead American forces in France was Major General Frederick Funston.<ref name="Peck">Template:Cite book</ref> Funston died of a heart attack in February, leaving President Woodrow Wilson to choose from among the army's six other major generals.<ref name="Peck"/> Wood was recommended by several prominent Republicans, including Henry Cabot Lodge.<ref name="Peck"/> Despite this support, when the U.S. entered the war in April, Wood's prior criticism of the Wilson administration led Secretary of War Newton D. Baker to recommend John J. Pershing, the most junior of the serving major generals and a Republican, but one who had been less vocal than Wood.<ref name="Peck"/>

File:General Wood and State Governors viewing 10th Division (13877460055).jpg
Major General Leonard Wood (left) and state governors reviewing the 10th Division, which Wood was then commanding, at Camp Funston, Texas, pictured here in either 1918 or 1919.

During the war Wood was relegated to stateside roles, including command of the Southern Department in 1917.<ref name="Bell"/> He then commanded the 89th and 10th Divisions, which he organized and trained at Camp Funston, Kansas.<ref name="Willbanks"/>Template:Rp While on an inspection tour of the Western Front in January 1918, Wood was slightly injured by shrapnel from a US mortar round that exploded during a test.<ref name="Willbanks"/>Template:Rp Wood was preparing to travel to France with the 89th Division in May 1918 when he was relieved by Wilson.Template:Sfn He was disappointed at being continued in stateside service, but effectively organized and trained the 10th Division.Template:Sfn During most of the war, Wood's aide-de-camp was John C. H. Lee, who attained the rank of lieutenant general during World War II.<ref name="Cox"/>

Wood received the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the Legion of Honor (Grand Officer) from France to recognize his superior service during the war.<ref name="Outlook">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The citation for his Army DSM reads:

Template:Quote

After the war, Wood was appointed to command the Sixth Corps Area, which he led from 1919 to 1921.<ref name="Bell"/>

1920 presidential campaignEdit

File:Leonard Wood campaign button 1920.jpg
Campaign button from Wood's 1920 presidential campaign, which uses his name to make a play on words

After having considered a presidential candidacy in 1916, in 1920 Wood was a serious contender for the Republican nomination.Template:Sfn The major candidates were Senator Hiram Johnson of California, a progressive who opposed U.S. involvement in the League of Nations; Governor Frank Orren Lowden of Illinois, who supported women's suffrage and Prohibition, and opposed U.S. entry into the League of Nations; and Wood, whose military career made him the personification of competence and ties to Theodore Roosevelt earned him the backing of many of Roosevelt's former supporters, including William Cooper Procter.Template:Sfn Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio was a dark horse candidate, running as a favorite son in order to maintain his hold on Ohio's Republican Party and secure his reelection to the Senate.Template:Sfn At the convention, Wood led on the first four ballots, was second on the fifth, tied for first with Lowden on the sixth, and led again on the seventh.Template:Sfn With none of the three front runners able to obtain a majority, support for Harding started to grow and he won the nomination on the tenth ballot.Template:Sfn Delegates nominated Calvin Coolidge for vice president, and the Harding-Coolidge ticket went on to win the general election.Template:Sfn

Governor-General of the PhilippinesEdit

File:Major Gen. Leonard Wood Trim.jpg
Portrait by Charles Walinger Template:Circa 1920s

Wood retired from the U.S. Army in 1921, after which he was chosen to serve as provost of the University of Pennsylvania.<ref name="Ocampo">Template:Cite news</ref> The college granted him a leave of absence before he assumed the position, enabling him to carry out a one-year appointment as Governor General of the Philippines.<ref>Template:Cite journal Also see Template:Cite journal</ref> The Wood-Forbes mission appointed by Harding in 1921 to consider Filipino independence concluded that the Philippines was not ready for self-governance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1922, Wood decided to remain in the Philippines, so he resigned the provost's position.<ref name="Ocampo"/>

File:1927 Philippine Islands passport signed by Leonard Wood.jpg
1927 Philippine Islands passport signed by Leonard Wood.

His tenure in the Philippines was characterized by marked tension between him and key Filipino officials.<ref name="Halili">Template:Cite book</ref> In his first year, Wood vetoed 16 measures passed by the Philippine Legislature, an act denounced by critics as a "misuse of the veto power" when they noted that his predecessor, Francis Burton Harrison, had vetoed only five measures during his entire seven and a half year governorship.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The tension between Wood and Filipino members of the government became heightened in 1923, precipitated by Wood's actions with respect to Ray Conley, a Manila Police detective who was accused of immorality and misconduct in office.<ref name="Halili"/> Interior Secretary Jose P. Laurel sought Conley's removal but Wood ordered Laurel to reinstate him.<ref name="Halili"/> Laurel then tendered his resignation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Filipino members of the Wood cabinet, including the entire Council of State, tendered their resignations to protest Wood's actions.<ref name="Halili"/> These events, the "Cabinet Crisis of 1923", strained relations between the U.S. colonial government under Wood and Filipino leaders, which lasted until his death in 1927.<ref name="Halili"/> The cabinet crisis was also exacerbated by disagreement between Wood and Filipino officials over Wood's economic reform agenda following the 1921 Philippine financial crisis.<ref name="Ybiernas">Template:Cite journal</ref> Wood reiterated his opposition to independence in 1925, arguing that while most government roles were filled by Filipinos, the U.S. should keep the Philippines for its own strategic interests.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Death and burialEdit

File:Medal of Honor recipient gravestone in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia in the 2020s - 217.jpg
Grave at Arlington National Cemetery

Wood was diagnosed in 1910 with a benign meningioma, which was successfully resected by Harvey Cushing.<ref name="Cushing">Template:Cite news</ref> He made a full recovery, but the tumor later recurred.<ref name="Cushing"/> Wood died in Boston on August 7, 1927, during surgery on the brain tumor.<ref name="Willbanks"/>Template:Rp He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 21, Grave S-10.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The successful removal of Wood's first brain tumor represented an important milestone, indicating to the public the advances that had been made in the nascent field of neurosurgery and extending Wood's life by almost two decades.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His brain is held at the Yale University School of Medicine as part of an historic collection of Harvey Cushing's patients' preserved brains.<ref name="Cushing"/>

FamilyEdit

File:Leonard Wood, administrator, soldier, and citizen (1920) (14578890869).jpg
Wood with his wife and children

Wood was serving in Monterey, California, in 1888 when he met Louise Adriana Condit Smith (1869–1943), who was vacationing with her uncle and legal guardian, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field.Template:Sfn They married in Washington, DC on November 18, 1890, with the entire Supreme Court in attendance.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The Woods had three children:<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

LegacyEdit

File:Signed drawing of General Leonard Wood by Manuel Rosenberg 1927.jpg
Signed drawing by Manuel Rosenberg, 1927

In 1925, Dorothy Wade, wife of the head doctor at the Culion leper colony, and fundraiser Perry Burgess created a charitable committee that after Wood's death became the Leonard Wood Memorial for the Eradication of Leprosy.<ref name="International Leprosy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Wood Memorial supported leper colonies in Culion and Cebu, held the first international conference on leprosy in Manila in 1931, and helped support the International Leprosy Foundation.<ref name="International Leprosy"/> A statue of Wood was erected at Culion in 1931.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:USS Leonard Wood (APA-12) underway off California on 28 April 1944.jpg
USS Leonard Wood underway off coast of California, April 28, 1944

In January 1941, the newly constructed Seventh Corps Area Training Center in Missouri was designated Fort Leonard Wood.<ref name="armyfort">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

One of the U.S. Navy's World War II-era Template:Sclasss, Template:USS, was named for Wood.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Numerous streets are named after Wood, including roads in Baguio and Zamboanga City, Philippines.<ref name="Ocampo"/> An elementary school in Mandaue, Philippines (inside the Eversley Childs Sanitarium compound) was also named after him.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There are streets named for Wood at current and former military posts, including Fort Meade, Maryland and Sheridan Reserve Center (formerly Fort Sheridan), Illinois.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Wood was a Freemason; Leonard Wood Lodge No. 105 under the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines was named in his honor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In popular cultureEdit

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HonorsEdit

Honorary degreesEdit

Wood received honorary degrees from many institutions of higher learning, including:<ref name="Register"/>Template:Sfn

Civilian awardsEdit

Wood received the Theodore Roosevelt Association's Theodore Roosevelt Distinguished Service Medal in 1923.Template:Sfn

Military decorations and medalsEdit

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Dates of rankEdit

Insignia Rank Date Component
File:Union army 1st lt rank insignia.jpg Assistant surgeon 5 January 1886 Regular Army
File:Union army cpt rank insignia.jpg Surgeon 5 January 1891 Regular Army
File:Union Army colonel rank insignia.png Colonel 8 May 1898 Volunteers
File:Union Army brigadier general rank insignia.svg Brigadier general 8 July 1898 Volunteers
File:Union Army major general rank insignia.svg Major general 7 December 1898 Volunteers
File:Union Army brigadier general rank insignia.svg Brigadier general 13 April 1899 Volunteers
File:Union Army major general rank insignia.svg Major general 5 December 1899 Volunteers
File:Union Army brigadier general rank insignia.svg Brigadier general 1 June 1901 Regular Army
File:Union Army major general rank insignia.svg Major general 8 August 1903 Regular Army
File:Union Army major general rank insignia.svg Major general October 15, 1921 Retired list

Head coaching recordEdit

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See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

Additional sourcesEdit

  • Bacevich, A. J. Diplomat in Khaki: Major General Frank Ross McCoy and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1949 (1989), biography of Wood's principal aide.Template:ISBN?

External linksEdit

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