Licchavis of Nepal
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Template:Infobox former country
Obverse: Kumaradeva and Chandragupta standing, legend to the left Śrī Kumāradevā, to the right File:Gupta allahabad c.svgFile:Gupta allahabad ndr.jpg/File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpgFile:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg Cha-ndra/gu-pta vertically.
Reverse: Goddess seated on lion, with the legend File:Gupta ashoka l.svgFile:Gupta ashoka cch.jpgFile:Gupta ashoka v.svgFile:Gupta ashoka y.svg𑁊 Li-ccha-va-yah.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Licchavis of Nepal (Template:Langx, also Lichchhavi, Lichavi) ruled over a kingdom in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal from approximately 450 to 750 CE. The Licchavi clan originated from a branch of the Licchavis of Vaishali who ruled in the territory of modern-day Bihar and who later conquered the Kathmandu Valley.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Licchavis were ruled by a maharaja, aided by a prime minister and other royal officials, but in practice local communities were controlled by caste councils.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The ruling period of this dynasty was called the Golden Period of Nepal. A table of the evolution of certain Gupta characters used in Licchavi inscriptions prepared by Gautamavajra Vajrācārya can be found online.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
RecordsEdit
It is believed that a branch of the Licchavi clan, having lost their political fortune and military power in Vaishali (Bihar),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> came to Kathmandu and intermarried with the family of the ruling Queen, Mandeva Shree Vogini of the Nagvanshi clan, thus beginning their rule in Nepal. Source. They also battled with local militias in Chyasal to gain control of Nepal.
In the Buddhist Pali canon, the earlier Licchavis of Vaishali are mentioned in a number of discourses, most notably the Licchavi Sutta,<ref>[1] "Licchavi Sutta," translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu (2004).</ref> the popular Ratana Sutta<ref>"Ratana Sutta: The Jewel Discourse," translated from the Pali by Piyadassi Thera (1999).</ref> and the fourth chapter of the Petavatthu.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Mahayana Vimalakirti Sutra also spoke of the city of Vaishali as where the lay Licchavi bodhisattva Vimalakirti was residing.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the 4th century CE, during the reign of the Gupta emperor Samudragupta, the "Nepalas" are mentioned among the tribes subjugated by him:
Samudragupta was a son of the Gupta Emperor Chandragupta I and the Licchavi princess Kumaradevi.Template:Sfn Gold coins bearing portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi have been discovered at Mathura, Ayodhya, Lucknow, Sitapur, Tanda, Ghazipur, and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh; Bayana in Rajasthan; and Hajipur in Bihar. The obverse of these coins depicts portraits of Chandragupta and Kumaradevi, with their names in the Gupta script. The reverse shows a goddess seated on a lion, with the legend "Li-ccha-va-yah" (File:Gupta ashoka l.svgFile:Gupta ashoka cch.jpgFile:Gupta ashoka v.svgFile:Gupta ashoka y.svg𑁊, "the Lichchhavis").Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The earliest known physical record of the kingdom is an inscription of Mānadeva, which dates from 464. It mentions three preceding rulers, suggesting that the Licchavi dynasty began in the late 4th century.
GovernmentEdit
The Licchavi were ruled by a Maharaja ("great king"), who was aided by a prime minister, in charge of the military and of other ministers. Nobles known as samanta influenced the court whilst simultaneously managing their own landholdings and militia. At one point, between approximately 605 and 641, a prime minister called Amshuverma assumed the throne.
The population provided land taxes and conscript labour (vishti) to support the government. Most local administration was performed by village heads or leading families. Many kings ruled but the popular ones were Manadeva, Amshuverma etc.
EconomyEdit
The economy was agricultural, relying on rice and other grains as staples. Villages (grama) were grouped into dranga for administration. Lands were owned by the royal family and nobles. Trade was also very important, with many trading settlements.
GeographyEdit
DomainEdit
Settlements already filled the entire valley during the Licchavi period. Further settlement extended east toward Banepa, west toward Tistung Deurali, and northwest toward present-day Gorkha.
RulersEdit
The following list was adapted from The Licchavi Kings, by Tamot & Alsop,<ref>Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com</ref> and is approximate only, especially with respect to dates.
- 185 Jayavarmā (also Jayadeva I)
- Vasurāja (also Vasudatta Varmā)
- c. 400 Vṛṣadeva (also Vishvadeva)
- c. 425 Shaṅkaradeva I
- c. 450 Dharmadeva
- 464-505 Mānadeva I
- 505-506 Mahīdeva (few sources)
- 506-532 Vasantadeva
- Manudeva (probable chronology)
- 538 Vāmanadeva (also Vardhamānadeva)
- 545 Rāmadeva
- Amaradeva
- Guṇakāmadeva
- 560-565 Gaṇadeva
- 567-c. 590 Bhaumagupta (also Bhūmigupta, probably not a king)
- 567-573 Gaṅgādeva
- 575/576 Mānadeva II (few sources)
- 590-604 Shivadeva I
- 605-621 Aṃshuvarmā
- 621 Udayadeva
- 624-625 Dhruvadeva
- 631-633 Bhīmārjunadeva, Jiṣṇugupta
- 635 Viṣṇugupta - Jiṣṇugupta
- 640-641 Bhīmārjunadeva / Viṣṇugupta
- 643-679 Narendradeva
- 694-705 Shivadeva II
- 713-733 Jayadeva II
- 748-749 Shaṅkaradeva II
- 756 Mānadeva III
- 826 Balirāja
- 847 Baladeva
- 875–879 Mandeva IV<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
External linksEdit
- Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com
- History of Nepal, Thamel.com
- "Nepal: The Early Kingdom of the Licchavis, 400–750", Library of Congress Countryreports.org (September, 1991)
- Vajrācārya, Gautamavajra, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi, Nepal", Kailash – Journal of Himalayan Studies, Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp. 117–134)