Livermore, California
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Livermore is a city in Alameda County, California. With a 2020 population of 87,955,<ref name="CensusQuickFacts"/> Livermore is the most populous city in the Tri-Valley, giving its name to the Livermore Valley. It is located on the eastern edge of California's San Francisco Bay Area, making it the easternmost city in the area.
Livermore was a railroad town named for Robert Livermore, a local rancher who settled in the area in the 1840s. It is the home of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, for which the chemical element livermorium is named (and thus, placing the city's name in the periodic table).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is also the California site of Sandia National Laboratories, which is headquartered in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Its south side is home to local vineyards, and its downtown district is being redeveloped Template:As of.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The United States Census Bureau defines an urban area of Tri-Valley-area cities, with Livermore as the principal city: the Livermore–Pleasanton–Dublin, CA urban area had a 2020 population of 240,381, making it the 167th largest in the United States.<ref name="urban area" />
HistoryEdit
Pre-contactEdit
The valley and upland areas, where contemporary Livermore is located, was home to Chochenyo speaking peoples.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite journal</ref> As a group, these people are considered Ohlone Costonoan with distinct cultural affiliation in contrast to and closely bordering the Bay Miwok to the north and the Valley Yokuts to the east. Four tribelets, the Yulien, Ssaoam, Ssouyn, and the Pelnen occupied the valley floor with territory extending into the hills.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Semi-permanent villages were located near water drainages at the valley floor within the current urban limits of Livermore with seasonal camps in the surrounding uplands.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1700sEdit
A Spanish expedition led by Pedro Fages skirted the western edge of Livermore Valley in 1772. Shortly afterwards, the Spanish Mission of San Jose was founded in 1797 on the slopes of what is modern day Fremont. Mission San Jose viewed the people and land stretching to the east as under their control.<ref name=":5" />Template:Rp Livermore Valley was called the Valley of San Jose by the Friars and actively recruitedTemplate:Clarification needed native peoples of the valley into the mission system. In contrast, the valley was also used as a staging area for raids on Mission San Jose by neighboring tribes in this early period and beyond.<ref name=":14" />Template:Rp
1800sEdit
During the first seven years of the 1800s, five hundred and two individuals were baptized at Mission San Jose from the four tribelets in the Livermore Valley.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite book</ref> In this time, Spanish military conducted raids throughout the East Bay using the valley as a natural corridor for movement.<ref name=":14" /> Deaths from measles outbreaks were recorded in Mission San Jose in 1806 which forced recruiting beyond the Livermore Valley and into the Altamont range.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Livermore-Amador Valley from 1800 to about 1837 was primarily used as grazing land for the Mission San Jose's growing herds of cattle, sheep and horses. The valley helped San Jose Mission emerge as one of the more wealthy Spanish enclaves. As a result of the secularization of the mission system, in 1839, two large ranchos were created that encompassed the Livermore Valley; Rancho Las Positas and Rancho Valle de San Jose. Many Native groups left the San Jose Mission during this period and reestablished themselves in communities in the East Bay, including the Livermore Valley.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Because indigenous food resources there were depleted, they tried to support themselves by working as laborers. But as the population grew thanks to the Gold Rush which started in 1848 and the workers on the railroad, it became more and more difficult to find work;Template:Why by 1906, there were only 28 individuals left, and by 1914 most of the remaining population was gone.<ref name="isbn=978-0-7385-3099-4" />
Rancho Las PositasEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Multiple image
Robert Livermore (1799–1858),<ref>Robert Livermore Picture accessed March 28, 2013</ref> the namesake of the town,<ref name=":0" /> was a British citizen who had jumped from a British merchant sailing ship stopping in Monterey, California.Template:Citation needed In 1839, the Template:Convert Rancho Las Positas grant, which includes most of Livermore, was made to ranchers Robert Livermore and Jose Noriega.<ref>Map of Rancho Los Positas accessed March 28, 2013</ref><ref>*There is conflicting information as to the size of Livermore and Noreiga's grant. The 1884 California surveyors report lists Template:Convert as being approved—this is probably what the Livermore family ended up with of their original grant when it was finally patented 1872. The rancho map (circa 1840?) seems to show a larger grant than Template:Convert.
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }} accessed March 28, 2013 </ref>
In the early 1840s Livermore moved his family from the Sunol Valley to the Rancho Las Positas grant, as the second non-native family to settle in the Livermore valley area.<ref name="isbn=978-0-7385-3099-4">*Template:Cite book
</ref> In 1847, after the Americans took control of California and gold was discovered in 1848, Livermore started making money by selling California longhorn cattle to the thousands of hungry California Gold Rush miners who soon arrived. The non-Indian population skyrocketed, and cattle were suddenly worth much more than the $1.00-$3.00 their hides could bring. Livermore's ranch became a popular "first day" stopping point for prospectors and businessmen leaving San Francisco or San Jose and headed for Sacramento and the Mother Lode gold country. Most horse traffic went by way of Altamont Pass just east of Livermore. Because Livermore would offer food and shelter to those passing by, the valley eventually became known as "Livermore's Valley",<ref name="isbn=978-0-7385-3099-4" /> and is still known as the Livermore Valley today.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
FoundingEdit
Robert Livermore died in 1858.<ref name="isbn=978-0-7385-3099-4" /> The first significant settlement in the valley was Laddsville, a small settlement of about 75Template:Citation needed which had grown up around the hotel established by Alponso Ladd around 1864<ref name=":8" /> on 160 acres of land he bought.<ref name=":13">Template:Cite book</ref> After the hotel and a house were initially built, another home, a blacksmith, a saloon, and a general store followed in the same year.<ref name=":13" /> The first schoolhouse was built in 1866.<ref name=":13" />
Livermore's founder, William Mendenhall, was another landowner in the Livermore Valley, having bought 650 acres of the Santa Rita grant and 608 acres of the Rancho Valle de San José.<ref name=":17">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 1869, he set aside Template:Convert of his land for a townsite, creating a new town which he named Livermore, after his friend Robert Livermore.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Livermore was platted and registered on November 4, 1869, as a railroad town.<ref name="depot">Template:Cite book</ref> By that time, the valley had already become known as Livermore's Valley.<ref name="isbn=978-0-7385-3099-4" /> He had first met Livermore while marching through the valley with John C. Fremont's California Battalion in 1846 as they were recruited to occupy the surrendering Californio towns captured by the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also donated Template:Convert of this land to the Western Pacific Railroad,<ref name=":0" /> which in September 1869 placed a station on the land William Mendenhall had donated.<ref>Baker, Joseph Eugene; Past and Present of Alameda County, California, Volume 1;p.441;[1]</ref> The land for the tracks had already been signed over by Robert Livermore from his ranch in 1855, as surveyors had determined it was the best place to build.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The original railroad tracks went from Alameda Terminal to Sacramento over the nearby Altamont Pass in the east and Niles Canyon on the west.Template:Citation needed
After it was destroyed by a fire in 1871,<ref name=":13" /> Laddsville gradually merged into Livermore.<ref name="isbn=978-0-7385-3099-4" /> The railroad significantly accelerated Livermore's growth,<ref name="depot" /> and the incorporation of Laddsville into the city added impetus;<ref name=":13" /> the city was officially incorporated by the state on April 1, 1876.<ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the time the town had a population of about 830 people in 234 buildings.<ref name=":13" /> It had 13 saloons.<ref name=":13" />
Early LivermoreEdit
In the early days, the income of the town of Livermore mainly came from wheat.<ref name="isbn=978-0-7385-3099-4" /> The city also developed as a place for the shipping and processing of products of the valley, including cattle, roses, and white wines, the last especially prominent after the 1880s.<ref name=":16">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some other contributors to the town's prosperity were coal and oil deposits in the surrounding hills.<ref name="isbn=978-0-7385-3099-4" />
Coal was first found in Harrisville, and in 1875 the Livermore Coal Company was formed.<ref name=":8" /> Extensive deposits of coal were also mined in the nearby Corral Hollow, which was briefly the largest coal producer in California between 1895 and 1905.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":42">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The ghost towns of Tesla and Carnegie were satellite towns of Livermore at the time.<ref name=":13" />
Livermore's wine industry grew after the 1880s,<ref name=":16" /> and it became notable for wineries like Wente Vineyards, Concannon Vineyards, and Cresta Blanca Winery.<ref name="isbn=978-0-7385-3099-4" /> Since it has a Mediterranean climate, gravelly soil, warm days and cool nights, it was a good location to grow wine grapes.Template:Citation needed By 1880 the wheat and barley fields were being replaced by vineyards.<ref name=":8" /> As well as the main products of the town, extensive chromite deposits were found nearby and exploited for a time.<ref name=":8" /> Magnesite deposits were exploited on Red Mountain, near the end of Mines Road.<ref name=":18">Template:Cite book</ref> The Remillard Brick Company was also in Livermore in 1885, and was producing an extensive line of bricks and employing over 100 men.<ref name=":8" />
Private grade schools were operating in Livermore from the 1860s on.<ref name=":8" /> The Livermore Collegiate Institute was founded in 1870, and Union High School (later called Livermore High School) graduated its first class of students in 1896.Template:Citation needed There was an old bullfight ring that survived until at least 1870.<ref name=":8" /> By 1876 the town had grown and a fire company, churches, a bank, and a library were built. Livermore was officially incorporated by the state as a city in April 1876.<ref name=":8" />
During Livermore's early years, before and after it was incorporated, it was well known for large hotels that graced the downtown street corners, before new buildings replaced them.Template:Citation needed A telephone line connected Livermore to Arroyo Valley by 1886,<ref name=":8" /> and electric lights were introduced by 1888.<ref name=":8" /> By 1890 Livermore had over Template:Convert of streets.<ref name=":8">Baker, Joseph Eugene; Past and Present of Alameda County, California, Volume 1;p.442;</ref> Livermore originally had a Boot Hill called the Oak Knoll Cemetery, Livermore's first public cemetery, but it was formally abandoned after becoming less popular and being devastated by natural disasters in the 1900s,<ref name=":18" /> and is now used for athletics at Granada High School.<ref name=":23">Template:Cite book</ref>
1900sEdit
During the late 19th century and early 20th century, the Livermore Valley attracted the creation of sanitariums due to the warm climate<ref name="isbn=978-0-7385-3099-4" /><ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and clean air.<ref name=":13" /> From 1894 to 1960, the Livermore Sanitarium was in operation for the treatment of alcoholism and mental disorders; and from 1918 to around 1960, the Arroyo del Valle Sanitarium was in operation in the town for the treatment of tuberculosis.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> The city once had a slogan "Live Longer with Livermore".<ref name=":13" />
In 1909, the Livermore Carnegie Library and Park opened, taking advantage of a Carnegie library grant. As the city grew and larger libraries were needed, other libraries were built, and the original site was converted into a historic center<ref>Livermore Heritage Guild site [2] Template:Webarchive accessed March 28, 2013</ref> and park.
The community was primarily agricultural until 1945, and transitioned to a suburb as a result of construction of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1952 and the Sandia National Laboratories in 1956, and population overflow from the rest of the bay area.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1942, the U.S. government bought Template:Convert of ranch land, and built the Livermore Naval Air Station.<ref name=":7" /> The primary mission of the base was to train Navy pilots for World War II.<ref name=":7" /> This facility operated until it was decommissioned in 1946 after the end of the war. On January 5, 1951, the Bureau of Yards and Docks, U.S. Navy, formally transferred the former NAS Livermore in its entirety to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) for use by the University of California's Radiation Laboratory.Template:Citation needed In 1952, the government established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), named after physicist Ernest O. Lawrence, as the site of a second laboratory for the study of nuclear energy like the research being done at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.Template:Citation needed The laboratory was run by the University of California. Edward Teller was a co-founder of LLNL and was both its director and associate director for many years.<ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1956, the California campus of Sandia National Laboratories opened across East Avenue from LLNL. Both LLNL and Sandia are technically on U.S. government property just outside the city's jurisdiction limits, but with employment at LLNL at about 6,800 and Sandia/California at about 1,150 they are Livermore's largest employers.Template:Citation needed
A number of historic buildings from the 1800s were razed in the 1960s to build fast food and other modern structures in their place.<ref name=":02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The town grew rapidly in population in the 1990s when many people in Bay Area moved farther away from the urban core.<ref name=":16" />
GeographyEdit
The Livermore Valley is located within the Diablo Range, one of several parts of the California Coast Ranges that surround the San Francisco Bay Area. The Livermore Valley has an east–west orientation with mountain passes on the west and east connecting the Bay Area and the Central Valley. The passes are used by railroads and highways to connect the two regions. Livermore Valley is about Template:Convert long (east to west) and Template:Convert wide (north to south).Template:Citation needed
Watercourses draining the city of Livermore include Arroyo Mocho, Arroyo Valle, Arroyo Seco and Arroyo Las Positas. The principal aquifer underlying the city is the Mocho Subbasin. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of Template:Convert, over 99% of it land. Several local seismic areas of activity lie near the city, including the Greenville Fault, Tesla Fault and the Livermore Fault.
The soil is primarily gravel with excellent drainage. The gravel is used in several gravel extraction sites outside the city. The gravelly soil and Mediterranean climate increases the flavor concentration in the grapes planted in the soil.Template:Citation needed
ClimateEdit
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Livermore has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa), although it is close to a semi-arid climate because of its relatively low annual precipitation, due to being in the rain shadow of the western portions of the Diablo Range.Template:Citation needed Livermore features hot, dry summers and cool winters with occasional rainfall.<ref name=":3">Average Livermore weather [3] accessed April 20, 2013</ref> The valley's passes direct the normal west to east flow of air through the valley. Usually there is a strong evening wind in the summer that brings cool air off the Pacific Ocean into the Livermore valley as it heads towards the much hotter Central Valley. This wind is strong enough with an average summer wind speed of about Template:Convert and predictable enough to encourage the use of the wind turbines in the Altamont Pass between the cities of Livermore and Tracy. The period from June to September is extremely dry and is characterized by clear skies. On rare occasion, subtropical moisture occasionally surges into the Livermore Valley in the late summer. This can bring high humidity, monsoon clouds, and, much less commonly, thunderstorms.Template:Citation needed
Snow is very rare, but light dustings do occur on the surrounding hills and occasionally in the valley, such as in 2023, 2021, and 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
DemographicsEdit
2020 CensusEdit
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% 2000 | % 2010 | Template:Partial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White alone (NH) | 54,587 | 52,397 | 48,449 | 74.42% | 64.71% | 55.08% | |||
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 1,094 | 1,562 | 1,604 | 1.49% | 1.93% | 1.82% | |||
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 315 | 251 | 203 | 0.43% | 0.31% | 0.23% | |||
| Asian alone (NH) | 4,171 | 6,643 | 12,633 | 5.69% | 8.20% | 14.36% | |||
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 189 | 231 | 209 | 0.26% | 0.29% | 0.24% | |||
| Other race alone (NH) | 185 | 202 | 500 | 0.25% | 0.25% | 0.57% | |||
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 2,263 | 2,762 | 5,379 | 3.09% | 3.41% | 6.12% | |||
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 10,541 | 16,920 | 18,978 | 14.37% | 20.90% | 21.58% | |||
| Total | 73,345 | 80,968 | 87,955 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
2010 CensusEdit
The 2010 United States Census<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> reported that Livermore had a population of 80,968. The population density was Template:Convert. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.8%. 56,967 people (70.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 23,491 people (29.0%) lived in rental housing units.
According to the 2010 census information, Livermore is the third wealthiest midsize (between 65,000 and 249,999 people) city in the nation. In 2005, the median household income in Livermore was $96,632, which ranked it the third highest-income midsize city, behind only the California cities of Newport Beach ($97,428) and Livermore's western neighbor, Pleasanton ($101,022).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As of October 2019, there were 53,792 registered voters in Livermore; of these, 21,158 (39.93%) are Democrats, 15,061 (28.00%) are Republicans, and 14,499 (26.95%) are independents/decline to state.<ref>https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/ror/154day-presprim-2020/politicalsub.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF</ref>
EconomyEdit
LaboratoriesEdit
The Livermore area is the home of two US Department of Energy National Laboratories. The laboratories are known worldwide, and attract significant attention both for their scientific research and for their major roles in developing the United States nuclear arsenal.
The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is the largest employer in Livermore, as of 2022, employing about 15% of the population.<ref name=":12" /> LLNL's defining responsibility is to "ensure the safety, security and reliability of the nation’s nuclear deterrent," but it also does a wide variety of other research, including co-discovering livermorium.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Livermore is also the California site of Sandia National Laboratories, the second largest employer in Livermore (employing about 3%).<ref name=":12" /> It also describes itself as being focused on "national security".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is managed and operated by a subsidiary of Honeywell International.
i-GATEEdit
In 2010,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the two National Laboratories, along with other stakeholders, including the University of California, Berkeley, UC Davis, and regional cities, partnered to create the i-GATE (Innovation for Green Advanced Transportation Excellence) National Energy Systems Technology (NEST) Incubator, part of the Central Valley. The Template:Convert i-GATE NEST campus was created to stimulate large-scale, high-tech business development drawn by the two labs. Initial focus of the campus was solar energy, fuel cells, biofuels, LED lighting, and other related technologies.<ref>"Campus an incubator for innovation", Jeanine Benca (Hayward) Daily Review, July 8, 2011</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> i-GATE shares its facilities with the hackerspace Robot Garden,<ref>Robot Garden</ref> which provides public access on weekends.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
WineEdit
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One of California's oldest wine regions, the Livermore Valley American Viticultural Area (AVA) played a pivotal role in shaping California's wine industry. In the 1840s, California pioneers looking for outstanding vineyard sites began planting grapes in the region. Robert Livermore planted the first commercial vines in the 1840s. After California joined the union as the 31st state in 1850, pioneer winemakers C. H. Wente, a first-generation immigrant from Germany<ref>Wente family [4] Template:Webarchive accessed March 25, 2013</ref> (founder of Wente Vineyards), James Concannon, a first generation Irishman<ref>Concannon family [5] Template:Webarchive accessed March 25, 2013</ref> (founder of Concannon Vineyard), and Charles Wetmore, a Portland, Maine-born pioneer of California<ref>Charles Wetmore [6] Template:Webarchive accessed March 25, 2013</ref> (founder of Cresta Blanca Winery), recognized the area's winegrowing potential and bought land, planted grapes and founded their wineries in the 1880s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Charles Wetmore went to France in 1878 when he was appointed a delegate for the California Viticultural Association to the Paris Exposition. Wetmore was able in 1882 to obtain Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc, and Muscat de Bordelais cuttings from one of the most prestigious vineyards in France, Chateau Yquem. These superior clones helped revitalize the California wine industry. In 1889 Wetmore won the grand prize for his first pressing (1884) in the 1889 Paris Exposition. Wetmore shared these cuttings with other growers, including C. H. Wente, who used the Chateau Yquem grape cuttings to eventually produce their Chateau Wente wine.Template:Citation needed
Top employersEdit
According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in Livermore are:<ref name=":12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| # | Employer | # of employees |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | 8,100 |
| 2 | Sandia National Laboratories | 1,770 |
| 3 | Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District | 1,351 |
| 4 | Lam Research | 1,205 |
| 5 | Form Factor | 950 |
| 6 | Kaiser Permanente | 935 |
| 7 | Gillig Corporation | 920 |
| 8 | US Foodservice | 690 |
| 9 | Topcon Positioning Systems | 500 |
| 10 | Las Positas College | 478 |
Gillig Corporation, a large manufacturer of buses, moved its factory to Livermore in May 2017 and, at the time of the move, the company estimated its employment at the new facility to be 800 initially and 850 after the filling of then-open positions.<ref name="EBTimes-2017may19">Template:Cite news</ref>
Livermore's largest employers, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratory are United States Department of Energy National Laboratories, located inside the city limits since 2011, and are included in the above table.
Architectural Glass and Aluminum moved its headquarters to Livermore in 2013, with 80 employees.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They expanded and changed to 100% employee ownership in 2015.<ref>Alan Dorich, "Architectural Glass & Aluminium" Template:Webarchive, Management Today Magazine, Retrieved April 20, 2015</ref>
Arts and cultureEdit
Livermore's culture retains some vestiges of the farming, winegrowing and ranching traditions that have existed in the valley since the time of Robert Livermore, but now largely reflects a suburban population.Template:Citation needed Since 1918, Livermore has each June hosted the Livermore Rodeo,<ref>Livermore Rodeo Template:Webarchive</ref> called the "World's Fastest Rodeo", that claims it has more riders per hour than any other event of its type. There are several wine-tasting tours of the many Livermore area wineries that occur periodically throughout the summer.Template:Citation needed Livermore has a strong blue-collar element,Template:Citation needed as well as many professionals who work at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and other work sites in the high tech industries within the Bay Area.
One of the largest districts in Livermore is Springtown, the northeast area of the city north of Interstate 580. Originally conceived as a retirement community in the early 1960s, Springtown has slowly transformed into a community of young families and commuters from the greater Bay Area. The North Livermore district is north of the Union Pacific Railroad that cuts through downtown. The South Livermore district, including areas of unincorporated land, has over 40 wineries.Template:Citation needed Livermore has a seasonal local farmers market on Thursdays.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The first Camp Wonder, a summer camp for children with special medical needs, was opened in Livermore in 2001.<ref name="USA1">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2019, a local LGBT organization, Livermore Pride,<ref name=":10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was founded.<ref>Livermore Pride Day Proposed [7] accessed July 25, 2021</ref> On its leadership team is Brittni Kiick,<ref name=":10" /> the city's vice mayor and first openly LGBTQ+ councilmember. Livermore was one of 10 cities to be awarded an All-America City Award during the annual National Civic League ceremony for 2021.<ref name=":11">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The theme of the 2021 awards was "Building Equitable and Resilient Communities."<ref name=":11" /> The Livermore Public Library has a front mosaic by Maria Alquilar.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The official city flower is the Livermore tarplant, an endangered plant that only grows near Livermore.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
World's longest-lasting light bulbEdit
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The city is noted for one world record. A 120+ year old 4-watt light bulb, called the Centennial Light, housed in the Livermore-Pleasanton Fire Department Firehouse Six, is still burning. Originally installed by Augustus Donner Wilson, the bulb has been maintained through successive generations until his great-great-granddaughter Alissa Wilson.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It glows dimly, but still functions as a light bulb.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Guinness Book of World Records, Ripley's Believe It or Not!, and General Electric have concluded that the bulb has been burning continuously since 1901 with the exception of power failures and the three times it was disconnected for moves to new stations. The light bulb was manufactured by the Shelby Electric Company and was hand blown with a carbon filament.
MediaEdit
Radio station KKIQ is licensed in Livermore and broadcasts in the Tri-Valley area.Template:Citation needed The Independent is a local newspaper founded in September 1963. It is located in the Bank of Italy building.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Parks and recreationEdit
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The Livermore Area Recreation and Park District (LARPD) is a special independent park district that was created by the vote of the public in 1947 and runs the parks and other facilities in the city of Livermore and most of the unincorporated areas of eastern Alameda County. LARPD has its own, five-person board of directors<ref>LARPD Board of Directors [8] Template:Webarchive Accessed April 6, 2013</ref> that is elected by the citizens to staggered four-year terms.
As of 2013, LARPD operates 42 facilities<ref>LARPD activities 2013 [9] accessed April 6, 2013</ref> over Template:Convert, with Template:Convert open space. It runs an extensive selection of classes on a wide variety of subjects. The 2012-2013 operating budget of LARPD was $16,393,564 plus a capital budget of $3,870,971. LARPD serves an area that encompasses about 115,000 people.
The extensive gravel deposits around Livermore have led to extensive gravel extraction that is still ongoing. Shadow Cliffs Park along Stanley Boulevard west of Livermore is a popular Template:Convert park that includes an Template:Convert lake in an old Kaiser Industries gravel pit and is used extensively today for swimming, boating, and fishing.<ref>Shadow Cliffs Park [10] accessed April 23, 2013</ref><ref>Shadow Cliffs Park Recreation Area [11] accessed April 23, 2013</ref>
GovernmentEdit
| Livermore City Budget FY 2013-14<ref>Livermore Budget 2013-2014 [12] Template:Webarchive accessed April 6, 2013</ref> | |
|---|---|
| General Fund Operating Budget | $76,472,540 |
| All Other Funds Operating Budget | $123,213,745 |
| Sub-total Operating Budgets | $199,686,285 |
| Capital Improvement Program | $44,907,470 |
| ---------------------------------------------- | --------------- |
| Total All Funds Budget | $244,593,755 |
Livermore is run by a council–manager government with a four-member City Council, a Mayor, and a City Manager chosen by the city council. The City Manager is “hired” by the City Council, and can, in principle, be fired by them. Twice a month, the City Council hears citizen input and relays this information to the City Manager, who actually runs the city from day to day.Template:Citation needed The city council members are elected every 4 years, with one council member being elected to represent one of the 4 districts.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The mayor is elected at large every 2 years,<ref name=":4" /> and the city manager is chosen by the city council every 5 yearsTemplate:Citation needed.
The mayor of Livermore is John Marchand, who was elected in 2022 and previously served as mayor from 2011 to 2020. The four councilmembers are Evan Branning, (District 1), Ben Barrientos (District 2), Brittni Kiick (the district 3), and Bob Carling (District 4). The vice mayor is a member of the council, Brittni Klick. The City Manager is Marianna Marysheva, and the City Attorney is Jason Alcala.Template:Citation needed In the California State Legislature, Livermore is in Template:Representative,<ref name="SSenate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in Template:Representative.<ref name="SAssembly">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the United States House of Representatives, Livermore is in California's 14th congressional district, represented by Democrat Eric Swalwell.<ref name="GovTrack">Template:Cite GovTrack</ref>
As of 2013, unions and bargaining units which had made agreements with Livermore included the Livermore Management Group, the Association of Livermore Employees (ALE), the Police Management, the Police Officers Association, and the Livermore-Pleasanton Firefighters (IAFF).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
General PlanEdit
The city of Livermore has a long-term General Plan which guides its decisions about topics, including transportation, jobs, housing, parks, shopping, and services.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This plan is updated about every 10 to 20 years, and the city began the process of updating it in 2021, planning to finish by early 2024, under the name of "Imagine Livermore 2045".<ref name=":9">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The city council appointed a General Plan Advisory Committee.<ref name=":9" />
EducationEdit
The public schools in Livermore are part of the Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District (LVJUSD).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The district has 11 elementary (K-5 and K-8) schools, three middle schools (grades 6–8), two comprehensive high schools, and three alternative high schools.Template:Citation needed
LVJUSD's Board of Education has five members, who are elected to alternating four year terms by the voters of the community. Each December, the board reorganizes itself by selecting a board president and clerk of the board.Template:Citation needed
The Hertz Foundation for scholarships is based in Livermore.Template:Citation needed
Charter schools shutdownEdit
There were two charter schools in Livermore, one K-8 and one high school, both operated by the Tri-Valley Learning Corporation, a local 501(c)3 not-for-profit organization formed by the parents and teachers who founded the two charter schools.
- Livermore Valley Charter School (LVCS): a K-8 public school<ref>Livermore Valley Charter School [13] accessed April 23, 2013</ref>
- Livermore Valley Charter Preparatory (LVCP): a high school, opened in fall of 2010
Both schools were effectively shut down by the beginning of the 2018 school year amidst accusations of embezzlement, exchange student fraud, and the loss of their UC accreditation. The displaced students were absorbed by the new Lawrence Elementary school and Las Positas Community College Middle College.Template:Citation needed About 400 parents pulled their children out of the schools in 2016, during a time in which the schools were being investigated for problems including not paying rent, not paying teachers, and involuntarily transferring foreign exchange students to Stockton.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
InfrastructureEdit
TransportationEdit
Interstate 580 is Livermore's primary east–west freeway. I-580 passes the outskirts of Livermore before it heads east through the Altamont Pass to the Central Valley and Interstate 5. I-580 and I-5 are the main route of San Francisco Bay Area to Los Angeles truck shipping traffic. Interstate 680 lies about Template:Convert west of Livermore. Highway 84 heads southwest from I-580 to Fremont. Vasco Road, an unnumbered highway that is maintained by Alameda and Contra Costa counties, connects Livermore to Brentwood and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta area.
Livermore Municipal Airport (LVK)<ref>Livermore Municipal Airport [14] Template:Webarchive accessed April 5, 2013</ref> is located Template:Convert northwest of Livermore and is a division of the Public Works Department; it is owned and operated by the City of Livermore. It is the main airport in the Tri-Valley area. Approximately 600 aircraft are based on Livermore Airport, which has over 150,000 annual aircraft landings and take-offs each year. The airport serves private, business, and corporate tenants and customers and covers about Template:Convert. The main lighted runway is Template:Convert long.<ref>Livermore Municipal Airport [15] Template:Webarchive accessed April 6, 2013</ref> The main terminal building covers Template:Convert. The airfield is accessible 24 hours a day and is attended by city employees during the hours listed under "Airport Services". The staffed air traffic control tower is operated by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) employees daily from 7:00 A.M. until 9:00 P.M. There is an open airshow which is held annually on the first Saturday of October from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM showing vintage World War II aircraft and other displays.
The WHEELS bus system operates in Livermore, Pleasanton, Dublin, and the surrounding unincorporated areas of Alameda County. It has connections to Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) stations in Dublin and Pleasanton.<ref>For details on routes, times, schedules see: WHEELS [16] Template:Webarchive accessed April 5, 2013</ref>
Livermore has two stations for the Altamont Corridor Express (ACE), a commuter train which runs from Stockton to the San Jose area. One station is at Vasco Road, and the other is in downtown Livermore at its Transit Center. The Transit Center has a free multistory parking garage and connections to the WHEELS bus system.
There wasTemplate:When a petition drive to bring the Bay Area Rapid Transit system to Livermore led by a group founded by Linda Jeffery Sailors, the former mayor of Dublin who was successful in extending BART to Dublin/Pleasanton (the closest station to Livermore at that time).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In May 2018, the BART board of directors voted against extending BART to Livermore.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As a result, the Tri-Valley–San Joaquin Valley Regional Rail Authority was formed to establish a rail connection between the existing BART system and the Altamont Corridor Express. The service, known as Valley Link, intends to build new rail stations at Isabel Avenue and Southfront Road for service.
PoliceEdit
The Livermore Police Department (LPD)<ref>Livermore Police Department [17] Template:Webarchive accessed February 20, 2019</ref> was established in 1876, at that time the only law enforcement agency in the San Francisco Bay Area besides the San Francisco Police Department. The LPD has 135 members including 90 sworn officers and 45 non-sworn full-time personnel who operate on a $25 million budget each year.
Fire departmentEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Livermore-Pleasanton Fire Department provides fire and advanced life support services to the cities of Livermore and Pleasanton. It serves an estimated population of 150,000 (78,000 in Livermore, and 71,000 in Pleasanton) over Template:Convert (Template:Convert in Livermore, and Template:Convert in Pleasanton) with an operating budget of $28 million. In 2008 the LPFD responded to approximately 11,000 calls for service. The International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) Local 1974 represents its 112 members.Template:Citation needed
Notable peopleEdit
GeneralEdit
- Tara Kemp, pop/soul singer
- Sonny Barger, outlaw biker and actor<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Bob Beers, Nevada state senator
- Robert Livermore, town namesake (died before the city was named and incorporated)
- Jean Quan, mayor of Oakland
- Hans Mark, physicist and United States Secretary of the Air Force
- Ralph Merkle, pioneer in modern cryptography
- Brandon Rogers, comedian, actor and YouTuberTemplate:Citation needed
- George H. Miller, director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Edward Teller, physicist, director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Herb York, first director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Harold Brown, director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and United States Secretary of Defense
- Conrad Bain (1923–2013), actor in Diff'rent Strokes<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Eric Swalwell, U.S. representative, former Dublin city councilor<ref>https://www.news-journal.com/swalwell-to-hold-town-hall-in-livermore/article_c342732c-d764-5c8b-aba9-215936cc2ab7.html</ref>
- Jill Whelan, actress and national spokesman for Nancy Reagan's Just Say No anti-drug campaign
- James Wesley Rawles, far-right survivalist author and Christian nationalist<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Connie Post, first poet laureate of Livermore
- Bill Owens, photographer of Livermore's suburbs, in the book Suburbia
- Vanessa Ray, actress noted for her role as Edit ( Eddie ) Janko , later Janko Reagan in the CBS television series Blue Bloods from 2014 to 2024 .
SportsEdit
- Kristin Allen, World Games gold medalist gymnast<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Michael Rodrigues, World Games gold medalist gymnast
- Max Baer, heavyweight champion boxerTemplate:Citation needed
- Mark Davis (Granada High School 1978), Major League Baseball pitcher
- Randy Johnson (Livermore High 1982), Major League Baseball pitcher, Baseball Hall of Fame inductee
- Bryan Shaw (Livermore High 2005), Major League Baseball pitcher
- J. R. Graham, Major League Baseball pitcher
- Bill Mooneyham, Major League Baseball pitcher
- Brian Johnson, Major League Soccer player
- Troy Dayak, Major League soccer player, San Jose Earthquakes Hall of Fame inductee
- Duane Glinton, Turks and Caicos Islands national football team midfielder
Sister citiesEdit
Livermore has three sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:<ref name=history>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
- Template:Flagicon Snezhinsk, Russia. Citizens of Snezhinsk came to Livermore to teach children about the effects of drugs, join the Livermore Rodeo, and form a Rotary Club.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Yotsukaidō, Japan. Both Livermore and Yotsukaido have a student exchange program. In April 2008, a concert was held in celebration of the relationship of the cities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Alameda County, California
- Arroyo del Valle Sanitarium
ReferencesEdit
Print, photo and film resources on LivermoreEdit
- Livermore (2002), a film by Rachel Raney and David Murray
- Suburbia, photoessay by Owens, Bill (1972), Template:ISBN
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage
Template:Livermore, California Template:Alameda County, California Template:SF Bay Area Template:Authority control