Llanito

Template:Short description Template:For Template:Distinguish Template:Use dmy dates Template:EngvarB {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other Template:Main other Template:Culture of Gibraltar Template:Spanish language Llanito or Yanito ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a form of Andalusian Spanish heavily laced with words from English and other languages, such as Ligurian; it is spoken in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.<ref name="creole">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is commonly marked by a great deal of code switching between Andalusian Spanish and British English and by the use of Anglicisms and loanwords from other Mediterranean languages and dialects.<ref name="Levey2008">Template:Cite book</ref>

Llanito has been described as "Gibraltar's dying mother-tongue".<ref name="wright">Template:Cite journal</ref> The English language is becoming increasingly dominant in Gibraltar, with the younger generation speaking little or no Llanito despite learning Spanish in school.<ref>Financial Times. Gibraltar fears loss of identity over Yanito decline. Retrieved 17 November 2022</ref><ref>English.elpais.com. The decline of Llanito: Gibraltar struggles to preserve its singular linguistic identity. Retrieved 31 March 2023.</ref> Llanito is a Spanish word meaning "little plain". Gibraltarians also call themselves Llanitos.

EtymologyEdit

The etymology of the term {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is uncertain, and there are a number of theories about its origin. In Spanish, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means "little flatland" and one interpretation is that it refers to the "people of the flatlands".Template:Sfn It is thought that the inhabitants of La Línea with important social and economic ties with Gibraltar, were actually the first to be referred to as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} since La Línea lies in the plain and marsh land surrounding The Rock.

Another theory for the origin of the word is that it is a diminutive of the name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "gianito",Template:Sfn pronounced in Genoese slang with the "g" as "j".<ref>Vignoli, Giulio. "Gli Italiani Dimenticati"; Chapter: Gibilterra</ref> During the late 18th century 34% of the male civilian population of Gibraltar came from Genoa and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was a common Italian forename.<ref>Levey, David: Language change and variation in Gibraltar, page 24. John Benjamins Publishing Company.</ref> To this day, nearly 20% of Gibraltarian surnames are Italian in origin.<ref name="empire">Template:Cite book</ref> It has also been speculated that the term comes from the English name "Johnny".<ref name="Lipski86" />

It has also been hypothesized that the term originated as a reference to the language of the people, with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} originally referring to the "plain language" spoken by ordinary Gibraltarians.Template:Sfn

HistoryEdit

The most influential periods for the formation of Llanito are:<ref name="Martínez">Template:Cite news</ref>

1713. The Treaty of Utrecht yields Gibraltar to the United Kingdom.
After the Spanish War of Independence and the Peninsular War, British authorities form an education system of British inspiration.
During the evacuation of Gibraltar within the Second World War, the authorities realise that most of the Gibraltarians lack a sufficient command of English. Subsequently, Spanish is relegated to a foreign language subject in the education system.
1969–1982. Spanish governments close "the fence" (the land border) and Spanish workers cannot cross the border into Gibraltar. This reduced the need for Spanish in the workplace and the input of Spanish nannies.Template:Sfn

LanguageEdit

Andalusian Spanish, from the surrounding Campo de Gibraltar, is the main constituent of Llanito. However, Llanito is also heavily influenced by British English. Furthermore, it has borrowed words and expressions from many other languages: for example, it contains over 500 words from the medieval Genoese dialect of Ligurian, as well as some words of Hebrew origin via Judaeo-Spanish.<ref name="ethno">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its other main language constituents are Maltese, Portuguese, Menorcan Catalan and Darija Arabic.Template:Citation needed Caló borrowings were once present but have since been lost.Template:Sfn

Llanito often involves code-switching (using different languages for different sentences) and code mixing (using different languages for different words in the same sentence) from Spanish to English.Template:Sfn Some Llanito words are also widely used in the neighbouring Spanish town of La Línea de la Concepción (due to the influx of people from La Línea working in Gibraltar over many years).<ref name="linea">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

It has no official orthography.<ref name="wright" />

One feature of the language is the pronunciation of Anglicisms with an Andalusian flavour. For example, "bacon" is pronounced {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "cake" is pronounced {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (although these particular words are not prevalent today), and porridge is called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (a hispanicisation of the brand Quaker Oats).Template:Sfn Most Gibraltarians, especially those with higher education, also speak standard Spanish with Andalusian pronunciations and standard English of a British English variety.Template:Sfn

Like other Andalusian varieties, Llanito is marked by high rates of final {{#invoke:IPA|main}} velarisation, neutralisation and elision of pre-consonantal and word-final {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and reduction of final {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. One difference from surrounding dialects is that Gibraltarians tend to maintain this high rate of reduction of final consonants even in very elevated registers, whereas Andalusians would try to adopt a more neutral pronunciation.<ref name="Lipski86">Template:Cite journal</ref> Llanito has undergone some degree of lexical restructuring as a result of its reduction of final consonants and the unofficial status of Spanish. For example, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'tunnel' is often pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and its plural form may be pronounced as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} instead of {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="Lipski86"/>

According to Italian scholar Giulio Vignoli, Llanito originally contained many Genoese words, which were later replaced by mainly Spanish and some English words.Template:Citation needed

Llanito has significant Jewish influence, because of a long-standing Jewish population in Gibraltar. They introduced words and expressions from Haketia, a largely extinct Judeo-Spanish language spoken by the Sephardic communities of Northern Morocco such as in Tetuan and Tangiers, and the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in North Africa.

Although Llanito is seldom written, a Llanito dictionary, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, was published in 1978 by Manuel Cavilla. In 2001, Tito Vallejo published The Yanito Dictionary. Including Place Names and Yanito Anecdotes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Core elements of Llanito vocabularyEdit

Although Llanito is largely based on the colloquial Spanish spoken in the Campo de Gibraltar, there are numerous elements beyond code-switching to English which make it unique. These are as follows.

AnglicismsEdit

They may be false friends or involve an informal playfulness.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "watchman" or "guard". From English "Check Gate" influenced by the Basque surname Echegaray.
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: Gibraltar border with Spain. From English "Four Corners".
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}:Template:Sfn "to give him an apology" instead of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. In standard Spanish, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is a "defence speech".

Calques from English to SpanishEdit

Llanito frequently uses verbal expressions with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, mirroring use of English phrasal verbs ending in "back".<ref name="Lipski">Template:Harvnb</ref> These expressions are meaningless in standard Spanish.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: Literal translation into Spanish of English phrase "I'll call you back". In standard Spanish, one would normally say "I'll return your call" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "To give back".
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "To come back".
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "To talk back".
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: "To pay back".

Usage of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} expressions is also widespread in US Spanish, including in Isleño Spanish.<ref name="Lipski"/> {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} expressions are unique as a calque of an English verbal particle, since other phrasal verbs are almost never calqued into Spanish.<ref name="Lipski"/> Because of this, and because {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} expressions are both consistent with Spanish structure and distinctly structured to their English equivalents,Template:Sfn they are likely a result of a conceptual, not linguistic loan.Template:Sfn

The word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Sfn in Llanito means {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("liquorice") in Spanish, stemming from the English "liquorice bar".

Calques from Spanish to EnglishEdit

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: Literal translation of Spanish expression {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "stop annoying me".
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: This is a humorous expression based on the Spanish word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} which means "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" in British English. The end of the word, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, is how the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (finger) is pronounced in colloquial Andalusian Spanish, thus {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.Template:Sfn

Local expressionsEdit

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Literally, "Who do you think you are? The son of the Melbil?", as used when someone is acting with excessive self-importance. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is a Spanish approximation of the pronunciation of the British name Melville, and the expression is an allusion to Lord Melville,Template:Cn a British statesmen prominent in the early 19th-century. The elder Lord Melville was Secretary at War (1794–1801), and First Lord of the Admiralty (1804–1805); his son, the younger Lord Melville, later became First Lord of the Admiralty (1812-1827).

Linguistic researchEdit

Laura Wright, an English professor at the University of Cambridge, and Sophie Macdonald, a Gibraltarian undergraduate she was supervising, began researching the language in 2022. Wright sought a research grant from the Gibraltarian government without success, but induced a minister to put saving Llanito into his election manifesto. She is assisted by local writer M. G. Sanchez.<ref name="wright" />

BroadcastingEdit

The Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation has broadcast some programmes in Llanito, including Talk About Town, a discussion series in which three presenters discuss local affairs, from the need to replace a street sign to important political affairs.Template:Citation needed

Pepe's Pot was a cookery programme which also used Llanito.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

FilmEdit

A documentary film, People of the Rock: The Llanitos of Gibraltar<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (2011), discusses Llanito speech characteristics, history and culture. Notable interviews include Pepe Palmero (of GBC's Pepe's Pot), Kaiane Aldorino (Miss World 2009), and Tito Vallejo (author of The Llanito Dictionary).