Lord Steward

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File:Procession to Lying-in-State of Elizabeth II at Westminster Hall - 41.jpg

Lord Dalhousie (centre left) carrying his wand of office as Lord Steward in the Procession to the Lying-in-state of Elizabeth II (2022).

The Lord Steward or Lord Steward of the Household is one of the three Great Officers of the Household of the British monarch.<ref name="Bucholz2006">Template:Cite book</ref> He is, by tradition, the first great officer of the Court<ref name="Haydn1851">Template:Cite book</ref> and he takes precedence over all other officers of the household.<ref name="Bucholz2006" />

Historically the Lord Steward oversaw over the Household 'below stairs'. He also presided at the Board of Green Cloth, which in early centuries had a financial, administrative and judicial role (latterly the Board retained a vestigial legal remit, until it was finally abolished in a 2004 reform of local government licensing).<ref>Licensing Act 2003 (section 195))</ref> Prior to 1924 the Lord Steward was always a member of the Government,<ref name="FRA1848" /> and until 1782 the office had been one of considerable political importance and carried Cabinet rank. In the modern period, Lord Stewards (up to and including Hugh Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland in 1973) were invariably made Privy Counsellors on appointment.<ref name="Thoms1841" />

Over time the domestic responsibilities of the office came increasingly to be carried out by a subordinate officer: the Master of the Household.<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991">Template:Cite book</ref> In the Royal Household reforms of the 1920s, the Lord Steward's Department was renamed the Master of the Household's Department. At the same time, Lord Steward ceased to be a political appointment and instead became a largely titular office in the gift of the monarch.

The Lord Steward continues to be in regular attendance on State and other ceremonial occasions (including State visits, State banquets, the State Opening of Parliament, State Funerals and Coronations).<ref name="AllisonRiddell1991" /> Holders of the office are always peers, usually of or above the degree of an Earl.<ref name="BucholzAdmin" /> Each Lord Steward receives his appointment from the Sovereign in person and bears a white staff as the emblem and warrant of his authority. The incumbent Lord Steward (appointed in 2023) is Peter St Clair-Erskine, 7th Earl of Rosslyn<ref>Court Circular, 22 February 2023: 'The Earl of Rosslyn was received by The King, kissed hands upon his appointment as Lord Steward and received from His Majesty his Wand of Office'.</ref> (who additionally serves as Personal Secretary to Their Majesties The King and Queen).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

File:William Herbert 1st Earl of Pembroke 1567.jpg

William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, holding his white staff of office (portrait dated AD 1567, the year he was appointed Lord Steward).

Within the Curia Regis, the office of Steward of the King's Household was indistinguishable from that of Lord (High) Steward of England, which had first been introduced to the realm under William the Conqueror (and which was by the end of the 12th century an hereditary office).<ref name="Case1855">Template:Cite book</ref> As late as 1221 the hereditary stewardship was still being referred to as a 'stewardship of the royal household'.<ref>senescalcia hospicii domini regis</ref>

Under King John, however, the holder of the hereditary office (Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester) resided in France, and after his death in 1218 the Earldom went into 'virtual abeyance' until Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester had his claim to it confirmed in 1239.<ref name="Tout1920i" /> By that time it had become the norm to appoint separate Stewards of the Household to undertake the practical duties of the office (so de Montfort came to be referred to, by contrast, as 'Steward of all England'). For the rest of the 13th century there were normally two Stewards of the Household appointed, until 1292 when Walter de Beauchamp continued in office alone after his co-steward Peter de Champvent had been made Chamberlain. Since then every Steward of the Household has served singly.<ref name="Tout1920i" />

During the minority of King Richard II, the Crown assented to a proposal that the Chancellor and Treasurer of England, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal and the Steward and Chamberlain of the Household should be chosen by Parliament 'from the ablest persons in the Realm', and remain in office until the next Parliament (in contrast to the hereditary offices of State).<ref name="ThomsChamb">Template:Cite book</ref>

During the reign of King Edward IV, the duties, privileges and precedence of the Lord Steward were comprehensively enumerated in the Black Book of the Household (compiled in the early 1470s).<ref name="Myers1959">Template:Cite book</ref> In it he is described as having, under the King, the 'secondary estate and rule' of the Royal Household, which is 'wholly committed to be ruled and guided by his reason'.<ref name="Thoms1841">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1540 the Lord Steward was redesignated Great Master of the King's Household by the King's Household Act 1540 (32 Hen. 8. c. 39),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but that office was discontinued and the office of Lord Steward revived by the Lord Steward Act 1554 (which remains on the statute book).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Lord Steward's DepartmentEdit

"[The] Steward of Household receiveth his charge of the King's high and proper person, and the staff of Household, by these words following: Seneschall tenez le baton de notre hostiell<ref>"Steward, receive the wand of our household".</ref>" (The Black Book of the Household, 1471–72).<ref name="Thoms1841" />

As steward, the Lord Steward presided over the Household 'below stairs' (while the Lord Chamberlain presided over the Household 'above stairs').<ref name="Haydn1851" /> The sub-departments below stairs were mostly concerned with catering, including the royal kitchens and cellars, and various provisioning departments such as the buttery, spicery, confectionery, bakehouse, scalding house and so forth.<ref name="BucholzAdmin" /> Each was managed by its own staff of yeomen and grooms, and headed by a gentleman or sergeant; the Lord Steward exercised rights of patronage over these positions.<ref name="FRA1848">Template:Cite journal</ref> Over time (particularly in the late 18th and early 19th centuries) the number of sub-departments was significantly reduced as items began to be sourced from outside vendors.<ref name="Bucholz2006" />

At the demise of the monarch the Lord Steward would break his white staff over the coffin, 'and thereby discharge all the Officers under his Jurisdiction'.<ref name="TrueState1732">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Board of Green ClothEdit

File:Studio of Daniel Mytens (c. 1590-1647) - Ludovick Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox and Duke of Richmond (1574-1624) - RCIN 405664 - Royal Collection.jpg

Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox and Duke of Richmond (Lord Steward 1618-1623).

"...they sit with him at the Board of Doom within the Household, that is, at the Green Cloth in the Counting-house, as recorders and witnesses to the truth" (The Black Book of the Household, 1471-72).

In the 14th century, the King's Wardrobe, previously an independent and powerful financial office, was absorbed into the King's Household and its officers and responsibilities were placed under the authority of the Lord Steward.<ref name="Tout1928">Template:Cite book</ref> Thus the Lord Steward's Department gained increased financial and administrative responsibilities. Its officers met in the counting-house where they sat at a green cloth-covered table, by which they came to be known as the Board of Green Cloth.

The officers under the Lord Steward were listed in the 15th century as: the Treasurer of the Household and the Comptroller of the Household (both of whom would deputise for the Lord Steward in his absence), the Cofferer of the Household, two Clerks of the Green Cloth and the Chief Clerk of the Controlment;<ref name="Myers1959" /> all of whom had their origins in the Wardrobe.<ref name="Tout1920">Template:Cite book</ref> Added to their number in the Tudor period was the Master of the Household (who took precedence after the Cofferer).

By the time of the Restoration, the administration of the Lord Steward's Department was for the most part delegated to the Board of Green Cloth,<ref name="BucholzAdmin">Template:Cite book</ref> which served as the central accounting and organisational facility.<ref name="NatArchives">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Apart from the Lord Steward, the Board consisted of the Treasurer, the Comptroller and the Master of the Household (all of which were sinecure positions in the 17th and 18th centuries), the Cofferer (who had executive financial and accounting responsibilities), and a number of clerks and clerk comptrollers (who, in consultation with the Lord Steward, managed the day-to-day running of the household below stairs).

Judicial functionsEdit

"...by which he is also forthwith Steward of the whole Court of Marshalsea, that is, the Court of Household, in which he is Judge of life and limb" (The Black Book of the Household, 1471-72).<ref name="Thoms1841" />

File:Marshalsea prison, London, 18th century (3).jpg

The Marshalsea Court (adjoining the prison of the same name) c.1770; the Marshalsea and Palace Courts sat here until 1801.

By the early years of the thirteenth century, the Steward of the Household was seen as having 'a special judicial role within the household, of which he was the appointed head';<ref name="Jones1970">Jones, W.R. "The Court of the Verge: The Jurisdiction of the Steward and Marshal of the Household in Later Medieval England", The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, November 1970.</ref> and by the 1290s a distinct court of law had emerged, with its own personnel, procedures and jurisdiction, described by Fleta as 'the king's court in his hall before his steward'. In the 14th century it was termed the Court of the Steward and Marshal of the King's House, but was more commonly known as the Marshalsea Court.<ref name="Buckey1827">Template:Cite book</ref>

On this basis the Lord Steward acted as principal judge for all offences committed within the Verge of the Royal Court, having both civil and (in earlier years) criminal jurisdiction. He sat as a judge in the Marshalsea Court, and also in the Palace Court (created by Letters Patent of Charles I in 1630), and in this role he was assisted by the Knight Marshal and his men, by the Steward of the Marshalsea (always a qualified lawyer) and by the Coroner of the Verge. In the absence of the Lord Steward the Treasurer and Comptroller of the Household were empowered to sit as judges, along with the Steward of the Marshalsea; by the 19th century the latter had come to be, in practice, the only sitting judge of the court.<ref name="Buckey1827" /> The Marshalsea and Palace Courts were abolished in 1849.

The Board of Green Cloth had its own jurisdiction, with powers to maintain the peace within the Verge and to deal with offenders.<ref name="Britannica">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By virtue of the Coroners Act 1988, the lord steward continued to appoint the Coroner of the Queen's Household<ref>Coroners Act 1988, section 29(1). To be abolished by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009</ref> until the office was abolished in 2013 by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.<ref>Coroners and Justice Act 2009, section 46</ref><ref>Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (Commencement No. 15, Consequential and Transitory Provisions) Order 2013, para. 2(e)</ref>

Parliamentary functionsEdit

File:Portrait of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester (1532-1588).jpg

Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, Lord Steward 1587–1588, holding the white staff of his office.

"He hath the office to call the names of Knights, Citizens and Burgesses, at the Parliament door, the first day of commencement, and to amerce such as fail by the certificate" (The Black Book of the Household, 1471–72).<ref name="Thoms1841" />

Until 1831, the Lord Steward or his deputies presided over the swearing of oaths by members of the House of Commons. (These oaths were sworn in the lobby of the house, or another convenient room designated for the purpose, and were the same as, but sworn separately from, the oaths taken in the chamber itself.)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the Tudor period he was responsible for taking the roll call of all the Knights and Burgesses who had been elected to represent the Commons in Parliament, prior to each State Opening.<ref>Cobb H.S. 'The Staging of Ceremonies in the House of Lords' in The Houses of Parliament: History, Art, Architecture. London: Merrell 2000.</ref>

By long tradition,<ref>E.g.: 'Ordered: That the humble Thanks of this House be presented to the King's Majesty, for His Gracious Speech made in this House on Thursday the Fifteenth Instant; and that the Lords with White Staves now in this House are hereby appointed to wait on His Majesty therewith'. (Journals of the House of Lords, 20 February 1676, page 47.)</ref> the 'Lords with White Staves' are called upon if required to deliver messages between the House of Lords and the Sovereign.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReformsEdit

For some centuries the role of the Lord Steward remained much as it had been in the late Middle Ages. In 1727, the office of Lord Steward was described in the following terms:

"To him is committed the State of the King's House, to be ordered and guided according to his Discretion: He hath Authority over all Officers and Servants of the King's House, except those of the Royal Chapel, Chamber, Stable, &c. He by Vertue of his Office judgeth of all Treasons, Murthers, Felonies and other Enormities committed within the Verge of the King's Court [...]. At the Beginning of Parliaments he attends the King's Person, and administers the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy to the several Members of the House of Commons, and at the Ends of Parliaments, he adjudgeth the Parliamentary Expenses &c."<ref name="Account1727">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Lord Steward's developing role in government, however, led to increased absences from the Court, which (among other things) led to a number of reforms being introduced.

In 1782 the financial independence of the Lord Steward's Department was reduced (as the Treasury began to take a greater hand in Civil list expenditure),<ref name="PRO1963">Template:Cite book</ref> and the office of Cofferer was replaced by that of Paymaster of the Household (an officer with much reduced status and more limited responsibilities).<ref name="BucholzAdmin" /> At the same time the Master of the Household was made responsible for the executive management of the Lord Steward's Department.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Following Queen Victoria's accession to the throne, her husband Prince Albert took a keen interest in reforming the Royal Household of its complexities and inefficiencies. In 1841 Baron Stockmar was commissioned to draw up a memorandum on the matter; he summed up the problem with the observation that even simple tasks were the responsibility of more than one master: 'the Lord Steward found the fuel and laid the fire, while the Lord Chamberlain lighted it'.<ref name="Wilson1891">Template:Cite book</ref> As a result, towards the end of 1844, authority over the whole internal economy of the palace was conferred upon the Master of the Household, who became a permanent, resident officer. The titular heads (the Lord Steward, Lord Chamberlain and Master of the Horse) were retained, but their duties with regard to the Household were in this way delegated.<ref name="Fawcett1895">Template:Cite book</ref> Thus the office of Lord Steward came to be regarded as 'purely an honorary one'.<ref name="FRA1848" />

In 1924, in line with these reforms, the Lord Steward's Department (Board of Green Cloth) was formally renamed the Master of the Household's Department (Board of Green Cloth).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A few years earlier, in 1920, some residual executive and ceremonial duties had been transferred from the Lord Steward to the Lord Chamberlain.<ref name="NatArchives" />

List of Lord StewardsEdit

12th centuryEdit

In the first year of the reign of King Richard I two individuals are named as his royal stewards (separate from the hereditary stewardship, which was vested jointly at that time in the Earldoms of Leicester and Norfolk):<ref name="Tout1920i">Template:Cite book</ref>

Roger des Prés 1189–1190
Stephen of Longchamp 1189–1190

13th centuryEdit

The following are named as Steward in the 13th century (n.b. for most of the century two individuals served concurrently as Steward, and sometimes there were more; though records prior to the reign of Edward I are incomplete and at times inconclusive):<ref name="Tout1933 ">Template:Cite book</ref>