Luna 10

Luna 10 (or Lunik 10) was a 1966 Soviet lunar robotic spacecraft mission in the Luna program. It was the first artificial satellite of the Moon,<ref name=Siddiqi>Template:Cite book</ref> and any other body other than Earth and the Sun (in heliocentric orbit).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Luna 10 conducted extensive research in lunar orbit, gathering important data on the strength of the Moon's magnetic field,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> its radiation belts, and the nature of lunar rocks (which were found to be comparable to terrestrial basalt rocks),<ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> cosmic radiation, and micrometeoroid density. Perhaps its most important finding was the first evidence of mass concentrations (called "mascons") — areas of denser material below the lunar surface that distort lunar orbital trajectories.<ref name=Reichl/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

The spacecraft

Part of the E-6S series, Luna 10 was battery powered and had an on-orbit dry mass of 540 kg. Scientific instruments included a gamma-ray spectrometer for energies between 0.3–3 MeV (50–500 pJ),<ref name="auto1"/> a triaxial magnetometer, a meteorite detector, instruments for solar-plasma studies, and devices for measuring infrared emissions from the Moon and radiation conditions of the lunar environment. Gravitational studies were also conducted.<ref name="Drewexmachina">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The flight

Luna 10 launched towards the Moon on 31 March 1966 at 10:48 GMT.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref>

After a midcourse correction on 1 April, the spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 3 April 1966 and completed its first orbit 3 hours later (on 4 April Moscow time).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A 245-kilogram<ref name="auto"/> instrument compartment separated from the main bus, which was in a 218 x 621 mile orbit inclined at 71.9° to the lunar equator. <ref name=Reichl>Template:Cite book</ref>

Luna 10 operated for 460 lunar orbits and performed 219 active data transmissions before radio signals were discontinued on 30 May 1966.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The spacecraft eventually crashed on the moon on an unknown date.<ref name="Reichl" />

The Internationale

The spacecraft carried a set of solid-state oscillators that had been programmed to reproduce the notes of "The Internationale", so that it could be broadcast live to the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During a rehearsal on the night of 3 April, the playback went well, but the following morning, controllers discovered a missing note and played the previous night's tape to the assembled gathering at the Congress — claiming it was a live broadcast from the Moon.<ref name="Siddiqi" />

• Luna 10 Space Probe.jpg

  Replica of Luna 10 space probe, K. E. Tsiolkovsky Museum of the History of Cosmonautics

• Laika ac Memorial Museum of Astronautics (6995717351).jpg

  Luna 10 model (suspended), Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics

• 1966 CPA 3380.jpg

  Stamp of the Luna 10