Luri language

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Luri (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) is a Southwestern Iranian language continuum spoken by the Lurs, an Iranian people native to West Asia. The Luri dialects are descended from Middle Persian and are Central Luri, Bakhtiari,<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="R. Fazel 1984">G. R. Fazel, 'Lur', in Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984), pp. 446–447</ref> and Southern Luri.<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197"/><ref name="R. Fazel 1984"/> This language is spoken mainly by the Bakhtiari and the Northern and Southern Lurs (Lorestan, Ilam, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Mamasani, Sepidan, Bandar Ganaveh, Bandar Deylam)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> in Iran.

HistoryEdit

The Encyclopedia of Islam calls Luri “an aberrant form of archaic Persian.”<ref>C.S. Coon, 1997, "Iran: Demography and Ethnography" in Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition, Volume IV, Leiden, E. J. Brill, page 9. “In the mountains south of the Kurds live the Lurs, who speak an aberrant form of archaic Persian.”</ref> The language descends from either Middle Persian or Old Persian.<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197"/><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> It belongs to the “Perside southern Zagros group” (as opposed to Kurdish dialects of northern Zagros),<ref name="iranica1">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and is lexically similar to modern Persian, differing mainly in phonology.

According to the Encyclopædia Iranica, "All Lori dialects closely resemble standard Persian and probably developed from a stage of Persian similar to that represented in Early New Persian texts written in Perso-Arabic script. The sole typical Lori feature not known in early New Persian or derivable from it is the inchoative marker (see below), though even this is found in Judeo-Persian texts".<ref name="iranica dialects">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The Bakhtiāri dialect may be closer to Persian.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> There are two distinct languages, Greater Luri (Lor-e bozorg), Template:Aka Southern Luri (including Bakhtiari dialect), and Lesser Luri (Lor-e kuček), Template:Aka Northern Luri.<ref name="iranica dialects"/>

GeographyEdit

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Northern LuriEdit

Luri dialects (Northern Luri [or Central Luri], Shuhani and Hinimini) are as a group the second largest language in the Lorestan province (around Template:Pct of the population), mainly spoken in the eastern counties of the province (Khoramabad, Dorud, Borujerd). In the Ilam province (around Template:Pct of the population) it is mostly spoken in villages in the southern parts of the province.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Around Template:Pct of Hamadan province speak Northern Luri.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Southern LuriEdit

Southern Luri is a dialect of Luri is spoken by Southern Lurs and Lurs people mainly in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, northwest Fars province, east Khuzestan province and some in Bushehr province.<ref>Erik John Anonby (2003). Update on Luri: How many languages?. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), 13, pp 171-197. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067.</ref><ref name="R. Fazel 1984"/>

BakhtiariEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Bakhtiari dialect is the main first language in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (around Template:Pct), except around Shahrekord, Borujen, Ben and Saman counties, where Persian, Turkic and Chaharmahali dialect predominate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Around Template:Pct of Isfahan province speak Bakhtiari.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

StatisticsEdit


citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Luri-speakers	%	Note
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari	520,000	Template:Pct	Bakhtiyari dialect
Gilan	2,600	Template:Pct
Hamadan	370,000	Template:Pct	Northern Luri
Ilam	78,300	Template:Pct	Hinimini, Shuhani and Northern Luri
Isfahan	350,000	Template:Pct	Bakhtiyari dialect
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad<ref name ="IranAtlas">{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	510,000	Template:Pct	Southern Lori
Lorestan	450,000	Template:Pct	Northern Lori

Internal classificationEdit

The language consists of Central Luri, Bakhtiari, and Southern Luri.<ref name="Beth Dougherty; Edmund Ghareeb (2013) p 209" /> Central Luri is spoken in northern parts of Luri communities including eastern, central and northern parts of Luristan province, southern parts of Hamadan province mainly in Malayer, Nahavand and Tuyserkan counties, southern regions of Ilam province and southeastern parts of Markazi province. Bakhtiari is used by Bakhtiari people in South Luristan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, significant regions in north and east of Khouzestan and western regions of Isfahan province. Finally, Southern Luri is spoken throughout Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, and in western and central regions in Fars province, northern and western parts of Bushehr province and southeastern regions of Khouzestan. Several Luri communities are spread sporadically across the Iranian Plateau e.g. Khorasan (Beyranvand and Bakhtiari Luri descendants), Kerman, Guilan and Tehran provinces.<ref name="iranicaonlineii">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="iranica1"/>

PhonologyEdit

VowelsEdit

	Front	Back
Close	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Close	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Open	Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link¹	Template:IPA link

/Template:IPA link/ may also range to a higher /Template:IPA link/ in the Northern dialect.

Vowels /Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link/ may also be realized as more close [[[:Template:IPA link]], Template:IPA link] within diphthongs or before glide sounds.
/Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link/ can also be heard as higher [{{#invoke:IPA|main}}] in Southern Luri.
/Template:IPA link/ can also be raised as [[[:Template:IPA link]]] or [[[:Template:IPA link]]] before semivowels.

ConsonantsEdit

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Stop/ Affricate	voiceless	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link⁴
Stop/ Affricate	voiced	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative	voiceless	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link²	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative	voiced	(Template:IPA link)	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link²	Template:IPA link³
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link¹
Tap/Trill			Template:IPA link⁵
Approximant		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	(Template:IPA link)

/Template:IPA link/ occurs in Northern Luri.
Velar fricatives /Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link/ as equivalent to uvular fricatives /Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link/, occur in Northern Luri.
/Template:IPA link/ occurs in Southern Luri.
/Template:IPA link/ occurs in Northern Luri, as well as in words borrowed from Persian.
/Template:IPA link/ can also be heard as a trill [[[:Template:IPA link]]] in Southern Luri.

/Template:IPA link/ also occurs as a glide to elongate short vowels (e.g. /oh/; {{#invoke:IPA|main}}).
[[[:Template:IPA link]], Template:IPA link] occur as allophones of a labiodental approximant /Template:IPA link/.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

VocabularyEdit

In comparison with other Iranian languages, Luri has been less affected by foreign languages such as Arabic and Turkic. Nowadays, many ancient Iranian language characteristics are preserved and can be observed in Luri grammar and vocabulary. According to diverse regional and socio-ecological conditions and due to longtime social interrelations with adjacent ethnic groups especially Kurds and Persians, different dialects of Luri, despite mainly common characteristics, have significant differences. The northern dialect tends to have more Kurdish loanwords inside and southern dialects (Bakhtiari and Southern Luri) have been more exposed to Persian loanwords.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>