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}}Template:Main other Lviv Oblast (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), also referred to as Lvivshchyna (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}),Template:Efn is an oblast in western Ukraine. The capital of the oblast is the city of Lviv. The current population is Template:Ua-pop-est2022

HistoryEdit

NameEdit

The region is named after the city of Lviv which was founded by Daniel of Galicia, the King of Galicia, in the 13th century, where it became the capital of Galicia-Volhynia. Daniel named the city after his son, Leo. During this time, the general region around Lviv was known as Galicia–Volhynia one of the strongest and most stable kingdoms in Eastern Europe of that time.

Early historyEdit

File:JABLONSKI(1847) p286 - BEŁZ.jpg
19th-century view of Belz, one of the oldest towns in the region

The oblast's strategic position at the heart of central Europe and as the gateway to the Carpathians has caused it to change hands many times over the centuries. In the Early Middle Ages, the territory was inhabited by the Lendians, an old Polish tribe. It was ruled variously by Great Moravia, Poland,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Kievan Rus', the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (circa 1200 to 1340; from 1246 under the suzerainty of the Golden Horde), and then ruled by the Kingdom of Poland and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1340 to 1772). Apart from the Polish and Ruthenian population, there were sizeable Scottish and Armenian communities in Lviv and Brody during Polish rule.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Following the First Partition of Poland it passed to the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1772 to 1918), then the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Poland (1919 to 1939), when it was part of the Lwów Voivodeship of the Second Republic of Poland. The region's historically dominant Ukrainian population declared the area to be a part of an independent West Ukrainian People's Republic in November 1918 until June 1919, but this endured only briefly. Local autonomy was provided in international treaties but later on those were not honoured by the Polish government and the area experienced much ethnic tension between the Polish and Ukrainian populations.

EstablishmentEdit

The oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on 4 December 1939 following the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland and annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia. Several NKVD prisoner massacres were committed in the area in 1941, including at Lviv, Sambir and Dobromyl.

It was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 following the start of Operation Barbarossa, where most of the local Jewish population were killed. The Germans also established several prisoner-of-war camps with multiple forced labour subcamps in the region for Soviet, French and Belgian POWs, who were subjected to beatings, hunger, epidemics and executions, resulting in a high death rate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Following the end of World War II, the region remained in Soviet hands as was arranged in the Tehran and Yalta conferences. Most local Poles were expelled and Ukrainians expelled from Poland arrived.

As a result of the 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange the area of Belz passed from Poland to the Lviv Oblast, whereas the area of Ustrzyki Dolne passed from the Drohobych Oblast to Poland. In 1959, Drohobych Oblast was incorporated into Lviv Oblast.

Present dayEdit

Given its historical development, Lviv Oblast is one of the least Russified and Sovietized parts of Ukraine, with much of its Polish and Habsburg heritage still visible today.

In Ukraine today, there are three provinces (oblasts) that formed the eastern part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Two of these, Lviv Oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast were entirely contained in the kingdom; the third oblast of Ternopil was mainly in the kingdom apart from four of its most northerly counties (raions). The counties of the Kingdom of Galicia remained largely unchanged when they were incorporated into successor states; with minor changes as detailed below, the current counties are almost co-extensive with those of the Kingdom.

During the 2014 Euromaidan protests, the region is also notable for having declared independence from the central government led by Viktor Yanukovych who started to use active military force against protestors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During Ukraine's decommunization process that accelerated after 2014, Lviv Oblast became the first region of Ukraine to remove all its Soviet-era monuments by January 2024.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

GeographyEdit

The terrain of Lviv Oblast is highly varied. The southern part is occupied by the low Beskids mountain chains running parallel to each other from northwest to southeast and covered with secondary coniferous forests as part of the Eastern Carpathians; the highest point is Pikui (1408 m). North from there are the wide upper Dniester river valley and much smaller upper San River valley. These rivers have flat bottoms covered with alluvial deposits, and are susceptible to floods. Between these valleys and Beskyd lies the Precarpathian upland covered with deciduous forests, with well-known mineral spa resorts (see Truskavets, Morshyn). It's also the area of one of the earliest industrial petroleum and gas extraction. These deposits are all but depleted by now.

In the central part of the region lie Roztochchia, Opillia, and part of the Podolia uplands. Rich sulphur deposits were mined here during the Soviet era. Roztocze is densely forested, while Opillia and Podolia (being covered with loess on which fertile soils develop) are densely populated and mostly covered by arable land. In the central-north part of the region lies the Small Polesia lowland, geographically isolated from the rest of Polesia but with similar terrain and landscapes (flat plains with sandy fluvioglacial deposits and pine forests). The far North of the region lies on the Volhynia upland, which is also covered with loess; coal is mined in this area.

ClimateEdit

The climate of Lviv Oblast is moderately cool and humid. The average January temperatures range from Template:Convert in the Carpathians to Template:Convert in the Dniester and San River valleys while in July the average temperatures are from Template:Convert in the Carpathians to Template:Convert in Roztochchia and Template:Convert in the lower part of the Dniester valley.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The average annual precipitation is Template:Convert in the lowlands, Template:Convert in the highlands and up to Template:Convert in the Carpathians, with the majority of precipitation occurring in summer. Prolonged droughts are uncommon, while strong rainfalls can cause floods in river valleys. Severe winds during storms can also cause damage, especially in the highlands. The climate is favourable for the cultivation of sugar beets, winter wheat, flax, rye, cabbage, apples, and for dairy farming. It is still too cold to successfully cultivate maize, sunflower, grapes, melon, watermelon or peaches in Lviv Oblast. In the Carpathians conditions are favourable for Alpine skiing 3–4 months a year.

DemographicsEdit

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, ethnic Ukrainians accounted for 94.8% of the population of Lviv Oblast, ethnic Russians for 3.6%, and ethnic Poles for 0.7%.<ref>Template:In lang Етнічний склад населення України, 2001 рік</ref><ref>Банк даних, перепис 2001 року</ref><ref name="census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Notably, the comparison of the 2001 Ukrainian census (mentioned above), with the last Soviet census of 1989 reveals that in those 12 years the number of Poles in the Lviv Oblast declined by 29.7% which, in the opinion of "Wspólnota Polska" Society defies explanation, and could possibly be attributed to the intensive Ukrainization of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref name="Wspólnota">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LanguageEdit

Template:Seealso

File:UkraineNativeLanguagesCensus2001detailed-en.png
According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, Ukrainian was the native language for over 95% of Lviv Oblast's population: it was the dominant language in almost all of the city, town, and village councils of the oblast, only one village council of the region wasn't predominantly Ukrainian-speaking.

Lviv Oblast was one of the few oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR where the share of Ukrainian speakers was increasing despite the Russification of Ukraine carried out in the USSR.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Native language of the population of Lviv Oblast according to the results of population censuses:<ref>Итоги Всесоюзной переписи населения 1959 года: Украинская ССР, стр. 168—193</ref><ref>Численность и состав населения СССР: по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения 1979 года. Центральное статистическое управление СССР, 1984</ref><ref>Чорний С. Національний склад населення України в ХХ сторіччі (2001)</ref><ref>Итоги Всесоюзной переписи населения 1970 года. Том IV — М., Статистика, 1973</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

1959 1970 1979 1989 2001
Ukrainian 84.8% 87.6% 89.0% 90.1% 95.3%
Russian 11.6% 10.8% 9.8% 8.8% 3.8%
Other 3.6% 1.6% 1.2% 1.1% 0.6%

Native language of the population of the raions, cities, and city councils of Lviv Oblast according to the 2001 Ukrainian census:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ukrainian Russian
Lviv Oblast 95.3% 3.8%
Lviv (city council) 88.8% 9.7%
Boryslav (city council) 97.6% 1.9%
Drohobych (city council) 94.9% 3.8%
Chervonohrad (city council) 93.3% 6.2%
City of Sambir 95.2% 2.3%
City of Stryi 93.0% 5.1%
City of Truskavets 94.2% 5.0%
Brody Raion 98.3% 1.6%
Busk Raion 99.4% 0.5%
Horodok Raion 99.1% 0.8%
Drohobych Raion
(in pre-2020 borders)
99.6% 0.3%
Zhydachiv Raion 99.3% 0.6%
Zhovkva Raion 99.1% 0.7%
Zolochiv Raion
(in pre-2020 borders)
99.0% 0.9%
Kamianka-Buzka Raion 98.8% 1.0%
Mostyska Raion 93.2% 0.4%
Mykolaiv Raion 98.5% 1.4%
Peremyshliany Raion 99.7% 0.3%
Pustomyty Raion 98.9% 0.7%
Radekhiv Raion 99.6% 0.3%
Sambir Raion
(in pre-2020 borders)
98.0% 0.6%
Skole Raion 99.4% 0.5%
Sokal Raion 99.0% 0.8%
Staryi Sambir Raion 98.8% 0.4%
Stryi Raion
(in pre-2020 borders)
99.3% 0.6%
Turka Raion 99.8% 0.1%
Yavoriv Raion
(in pre-2020 borders)
98.9% 1.0%

Ukrainian is the only official language on the whole territory of Lviv Oblast.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 18 September 2018, a moratorium on the public use of Russian-language cultural products was imposed in Lviv Oblast by a decision of the Lviv Oblast Council.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to a poll conducted by Rating from 16 November to 10 December 2018 as part of the project «Portraits of Regions», 90% of the residents of Lviv Oblast believed that the Ukrainian language should be the only state language on the entire territory of Ukraine. 7% believed that Ukrainian should be the only state language, while Russian should be the second official language in some regions of the country. 1% believed that Russian should become the second state language of the country. 2% found it difficult to answer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 20 September 2022, Lviv Oblast Council approved the «Comprehensive Programme for Strengthening of the Ukrainian Language for 2023—2026», the main objectives of which are to strengthen the positions of the Ukrainian language in various spheres of public life in the oblast and to Ukrainianize the refugees from other regions of Ukraine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to the research of the Content Analysis Centre, conducted from 15 August to 15 September 2024, the topic of which was the ratio of Ukrainian and Russian languages in the Ukrainian segment of social media, 93.9% of posts from Lviv Oblast were written in Ukrainian (87.3% in 2023, 86.0% in 2022, 52.4% in 2020), while 6.1% were written in Russian (12.7% in 2023, 14.0% in 2022, 47.6% in 2020).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

After Ukraine declared independence in 1991, Lviv Oblast, as well as Ukraine as a whole, experienced a gradual Ukrainization of the education system, which had been Russified<ref>Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy, 1934-1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December 1984): 1019-1039.</ref> during the Soviet era. Dynamics of the ratio of the languages of instruction in general secondary education institutions in Lviv Oblast:<ref>«Статистичний щорічник України за 1998 рік» — К., 1999. {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} — {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} — {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Language of instruction,
% of pupils
1991—
1992
1992—
1993
1993—
1994
1994—
1995
1995—
1996
2000—
2001
2005—
2006
2007—
2008
2010—
2011
2012—
2013
2015—
2016
2018—
2019
2021—
2022
<ref>814 pupils (0.28%) received general secondary education in Polish.</ref>
2022—
2023
<ref>709 pupils (0.36%) received general secondary education in Polish.</ref>
Украинский 91.8% 93.6% 94.6% 95.4% 96.0% 98.0% 99.0% 99.0% 99.0% 99.0% 99.0% 99.0% 99.65% 99.64%
Русский 8.1% 6.2% 5.3% 4.4% 4.0% 2.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.07%

According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, in the 2023—2024 school year, of the 286,111 pupils in general secondary education institutions in Lviv Oblast, 285,367 (99.74%) were studying in classes where Ukrainian was the language of instruction, while 744 (0.26%) were studying in classes where Polish was the language of instruction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} — {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Age structureEdit

0-14 years: 15.7% Template:Increase (male 202,923/female 193,000)
15-64 years: 70.0% Template:Decrease (male 867,699/female 897,788)
65 years and over: 14.3% Template:Steady (male 122,906/female 238,016) (2013 official)

Median ageEdit

total: 38.0 years Template:Increase
male: 35.2 years Template:Increase
female: 40.9 years Template:Increase (2013 official)

PoliticsEdit

GovernorsEdit

  • Chairmen of the Executive Committee
Term start Term end Name Year of birth Year of death
March 1991 6 April 1992 Vyacheslav Chornovil b. 1937 d. 1999
June 1994 July 1995 Mykola Horyn b. 1945
  • Representative of the President
Term start Term end Name Year of birth
20 March 1992 June 1994 Stepan Davymuka b. 1947
  • Heads of the Administration<ref>Lviv, worldstatesmen.org</ref>
Term start Term end Name Year of birth Year of death
7 July 1995 6 Feb. 1997 Mykola Horyn b. 1945
6 Feb. 1997 14 Jan. 1999 Mykhailo Hladiy b. 1952
15 Jan. 1999 19 March 2001 Stepan Senchuk b. 1955 d. 2005
26 March 2001 26 April 2002 Mykhailo Hladiy b. 1952
26 April 2002 4 June 2003 Myron Yankiv b. 1951
9 June 2003 20 Dec. 2004 Oleksandr Sendeha b. 1953
20 Dec. 2004 4 Feb. 2005 Bohdan Matolych (acting) b. 1955
4 Feb. 2005 20 Feb. 2008 Petro Oliynyk b. 1957 d. 2011
20 Feb. 2008 27 Feb. 2008 Valery Pyatak (acting) b. 1959
27 Feb. 2008 20 April 2010? Mykola Kmit
(acting to 1 Sep 2008)
b. 1966
20 April 2010 21 December 2010<ref name=newgovefast>Yanukovych appoints ex-Ukrzaliznytsia head Kostiuk governor of Lviv region, Kyiv Post (2 November 2011)</ref> Vasyl Horbal<ref name=newgove>Horbal appointed Lviv regional governor, Kyiv Post (April 20, 2010)</ref> b. 1971
21 December 2010 2 November 2011<ref name=newgovefast/> Mykhailo Tsymbaliuk<ref name=newgovefast/> b. 1964
2 November 2011<ref name=newgovefast/> 4 March 2013<ref name=newgovefast2>Gryshchenko introduces new Lviv regional governor to local officials, Kyiv Post (4 March 2013)</ref> Mykhailo Kostiuk<ref name=newgovefast/> b. 1961
4 March 2013<ref name=newgovefast2/> 31 October 2013<ref name=newgovefast3>Yanukovych appoints Salo as governor of Lviv region, UKRINFORM (23 January 2014)</ref> Viktor Shemchuk<ref name=newgovefast2/> b. 1970
31 October 2013<ref name=newgovefast3/> 23 January 2014<ref name=newgovefast4>Lviv governor Salo resigns – mass media, Unian (23 January 2013)</ref> Oleh Salo<ref name=newgovefast3/> b. 1968
2 March 2014 14 August 2014<ref>Poroshenko dismisses Sekh as Lviv region governor, appoints Turiansky as acting governor, kyivpost.com (15 August 2014)</ref> Iryna Sekh b. 1970
14 August 2014 26 December 2014 Yuriy Turyanskyi (acting) b. 1975
26 December 2014 11 June 2019 Oleh Synyutka b. 1970
11 June 2019 5 July 2019 Rostyslav Zamlynsky (acting) b. 1976
5 July 2019 5 February 2020 Markiyan Malsky b. 1984
5 February 2020 Maksym Kozytsky b. 1981

SubdivisionsEdit

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File:Drohobych city center 2018.jpg
Drohobych, the second largest city in Lviv Oblast
File:Villa in Lviv region.jpg
Half-timbered old villa in the Carpathian foothills in Stryi Raion
Lviv Oblast
As of January 1, 2022
Number of districts (райони) 7
Number of hromadas (громади) 73

Until the big district reform on July 18, 2020, Lviv Oblast was administratively subdivided into 20 raions (districts), as well as 9 city (municipalities) which are directly subordinate to the oblast government: Boryslav, Sheptytskyi, Drohobych, Morshyn, Novyi Rozdil, Sambir, Stryi, Truskavets, and the administrative center of the oblast, Lviv.

File:Lviv Oblast 2020 subdivisions.jpg
Raions of Lviv Oblast as of August 2020

On 18 July 2020, the number of districts was reduced to seven.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These are:

  1. Drohobych Raion (Дрогобицький район), the center is in the town of Drohobych;
  2. Lviv Raion (Львівський район), the center is in the city of Lviv;
  3. Sambir Raion (Самбірський район), the center is in the town of Sambir;
  4. Sheptytskyi Raion (Шептицький район), the center is in the town of Sheptytsky;
  5. Stryi Raion (Стрийський район), the center is in the town of Stryi;
  6. Yavoriv Raion (Яворівський район), the center is in the town of Yavoriv;
  7. Zolochiv Raion (Золочівський район), the center is in the town of Zolochiv.

In addition, there are the city raions of the city of Lviv.

File:Galicia administrative1914.jpg
Kingdom of Galicia, administrative, 1914
Raions of the Lviv Oblast (pre-2020 reform)
In English In Ukrainian Administrative Center
Brody Raion Бродівський район
Brodivskyi raion
Brody
(City)
Busk Raion Буський район
Buskyi raion
Busk
(City)
Drohobych Raion Дрогобицький район
Drohobytskyi raion
Drohobych
(City)
Horodok Raion Городоцький район
Horodotskyi raion
Horodok
(City)
Kamianka-Buzka Raion Кам'янка-Бузький район
Kamianka-Buzkyi raion
Kamianka-Buzka
(City)
Mostyska Raion Мостиський район
Mostyskyi raion
Mostyska
(City)
Mykolaiv Raion Миколаївський район
Mykolaivskyi raion
Mykolaiv
(City)
Peremyshliany Raion Перемишлянський район
Peremyshlianskyi raion
Peremyshliany
(City)
Pustomyty Raion Пустомитівський район
Pustomytivskyi raion
Pustomyty
(City)
Radekhiv Raion Радехівський район
Radekhivskyi raion
Radekhiv
(City)
Sambir Raion Самбірський район
Sambirskyi raion
Sambir
(City)
Skole Raion Сколівський район
Skolivskyi raion
Skole
(City)
Sokal Raion Сокальський район
Sokalskyi raion
Sokal
(City)
Staryi Sambir Raion Старосамбірський район
Starosambirskyi raion
Staryi Sambir
(City)
Stryi Raion Стрийський район
Stryiskyi raion
Stryi
(City)
Turka Raion Турківський район
Turkivskyi raion
Turka
(City)
Yavoriv Raion Яворівський район
Yavorivskyi raion
Yavoriv
(City)
Zhovkva Raion Жовківський район
Zhovkivskyi raion
Zhovkva
(City)
Zhydachiv Raion Жидачівський район
Zhydachivskyi raion
Zhydachiv
(City)
Zolochiv Raion Золочівський район
Zolochivskyi raion
Zolochiv
(City)

ReligionEdit

Fifty-nine percent of the religious organisations active in the Lviv Oblast adhere to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church is the second largest religious body. The followers of the Latin Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) are mostly from the Polish, and Russian or non-Galician Ukrainian minorities respectively.

Historical and cultural sitesEdit

The city of Lviv contains a well-preserved main square (Rynok) and numerous historical churches. Other sites of interest are the historic Lychakiv Cemetery, the local museum of folklore, and the ruins of the famous Vysokyi Zamok. The name of the castle is closely tied to the name of the city. There is also a museum of military artifacts, the "Arsenal".

Well-preserved local wooden churches, castles, and monasteries can be found throughout the Oblast. One of them is the Olesko Castle which is first recorded in 1327. Another castle that was built at the end of the 15th century is Svirzh Castle in the village of Svirzh. One more and no less famous castle is the Pidhirtsi Castle. Its architectural complex consists of the three-story palace, Kostel, and small park. In Roztochia is also located the Krekhivsky monastery in the beech-pine grove at the foot of the Pobiina mount. The whole complex consists of the Saint Nicholas Church, the bell tower, numerous service structures, and defensive walls with towers. Another site worth of mentioning is the Tustan city-fortress which is built in the rock. The site was nominated as the historical and as the natural wonder of Ukraine. There also a nature complex in the valley of the Kamianka river in Stryi Raion. Another natural wonder of the region is the Kamin-Veleten (Rock-Giant in English) which is located near city of Pidkamin in Zolochiv Raion. The name of the local city means Under the Rock. A local museum of Ukrainian art and an institution of higher learning (Ivan Franko State University) are also present.

GalleryEdit

EconomyEdit

The most important research into cereal epidemics in the country is undertaken here.<ref name="Vronska-bundle" /> The National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine's Institute of Agriculture in Obroshino is the center of study for cereal pathogens including powdery mildew of barley.<ref name="Vronska-bundle" /> In the early 2000s the most active researchers here were Olga Vronska and G. Kosilovich at the IoA.<ref name="Vronska-bundle">

  Template:Unbulleted list citebundle

</ref> Puccinia recondita, Erysiphe graminis, (syn. Blumeria graminis) and various Pseudocercosporella spp. are present and are significant in winter wheat in this oblast.<ref name="Lisovoy-Parphenyuk-1997">

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</ref>

Two introduced banded land snails, the Grove Snail (Cepaea nemoralis) and White-Lipped Snail (C. hortensis) are found here.<ref name="Sverlova-et-al-2021-bundle" /> C. n. was intentionally brought here in the late 1800s, but the genetic analysis of Gural-Sverlova et al., 2021 shows continued introductions have also occurred ever since.<ref name="Sverlova-et-al-2021-bundle" /> (The geographic distribution of both suggests they arrive through the gardening trade, as is known from other countries.)<ref name="Sverlova-et-al-2021-bundle" /> This analysis shows several distinct arrivals of C. n. yielding several present-day populations in and around Lviv.<ref name="Sverlova-et-al-2021-bundle">

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</ref>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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