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Madame Tussauds

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Madame Tussauds (Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Refn is a wax museum founded in London in 1835 by the French wax sculptor Marie Tussaud.<ref name="History"/><ref name="NYT 2007">Template:Cite news</ref> One of the early main attractions was the Chamber of Horrors, which appeared in advertising in 1843.<ref name="Berridge"/>

In 1883, the restricted space of the original Baker Street site prompted Tussaud's grandson (Joseph Randall) to commission the building at its current London location on Marylebone Road. The new exhibition galleries were opened on 14 July 1884 and were a great success. Madame Tussaud & Sons was incorporated as a private limited company (Ltd.) in 1889.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

A major tourist attraction in London since the Victorian era, Madame Tussauds displays the waxworks of famous and historical figures, as well as popular film and television characters played by famous actors.<ref name="tourism"/> Operated by the British entertainment company Merlin Entertainments, the museum now has locations in cities across four continents, with the first overseas branch opening in Amsterdam in 1970.<ref name=":0"/>

HistoryEdit

BackgroundEdit

Marie Tussaud was born as Marie Grosholtz in 1761 in Strasbourg, France. Her mother worked for Philippe Curtius in Bern, Switzerland; he was a physician skilled in wax modelling. Curtius taught Tussaud the art of wax modelling when she was a child; when he moved to Paris, Marie and her mother followed.<ref name=denton>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Grosholtz created her first wax sculpture, of Voltaire, in 1777.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At 17, according to her memoirs, she became art tutor to Madame Elizabeth, the sister of King Louis XVI. During the French Revolution, she was imprisoned for three months, but was subsequently released.<ref name=denton/> During the Revolution, she made models of many prominent victims.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Multiple image Grosholtz inherited Curtius' vast collection of wax models following his death in 1794. For the next 33 years, she travelled around Europe with a touring show from the collection. She married Francois Tussaud in 1795, took his surname, and renamed her show as Madame Tussaud's. In 1802, she accepted an invitation from lantern and phantasmagoria pioneer Paul Philidor to exhibit her work alongside his show at the Lyceum Theatre, London. A wave of creativity was in vogue in London the year Tussaud arrived in the city, with new West End stage plays which included the first to be called a melodrama, the first appearance of Joseph Grimaldi in his whiteface clown character, and poet William Wordsworth's poem "Composed upon Westminster Bridge, 3 September 1802" describing London and the Thames.<ref name="Walton">Template:Cite book</ref> Adding her own creativity to the mix, Tussaud brought with her all her death masks, wax faces and busts.<ref name="Walton"/> Complaining that Philidor failed to promote her, Tussaud then decided to go into business alone.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Unable to return to France because of the Napoleonic Wars, she travelled throughout Great Britain and Ireland exhibiting her collection and made her home in London. From 1831, she took a series of short leases on the upper floor of "Baker Street Bazaar" (on the west side of Baker Street, Dorset Street, and King Street in London).<ref>Pilbeam (2006) pp. 102–106</ref> This site was later featured in the Druce-Portland case sequence of trials of 1898–1907. This became Tussaud's first permanent home in 1836.<ref>Pilbeam (2006) pp. 100–104</ref>

OriginsEdit

File:Madame Tussaud affiche 1835.jpg
Poster for the Tussaud wax figures exhibition, Baker Street, London, 1835

By 1835, Marie Tussaud had settled down in Baker Street and opened a museum.<ref name="History">"The History of Madame Tussauds" Template:Webarchive. Madame Tussauds.com.</ref> One of its main attractions was the Chamber of Horrors. The name is often credited to a contributor to Punch in 1845, but Tussaud appears to have originated it herself, using it in advertising as early as 1843.<ref name="Berridge">Template:Cite book</ref> On its impact, Oliver Smith of The Telegraph writes, "Londoners flocked to see the likes of Nelson and Sir Walter Scott, but the highlight was undoubtedly the Chamber of Horrors, where Tussaud displayed models of murderers."<ref name="Telegraph"/> Other famous people were added to the museum, including the Duke of Wellington, Henry VIII, and Queen Victoria.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The early commercial success of Madame Tussaud's saw it establish itself as a brand, and the museum became a pioneer in innovating various forms of publicity when the advertising industry was in its infancy.<ref name="Berridge"/> The Hall of Fame attraction enthralled the public of Victorian London, and inclusion in it was definitive proof one had attained celebrity status.<ref name="Berridge"/>

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Advertising man pasting a bill for Madame Tussaud's Chamber of Horrors, London, 1877

Other businesses in Baker Street profited from being within close proximity to Madame Tussaud's, and in 1860, Charles Dickens hailed the museum as one of London's most popular entertainments, writing in All the Year Round: "Madame Tussaud's is something more than an exhibition, it is an institution".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A waxwork of Dickens appeared at the museum in 1873, three years after his death.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some sculptures still exist that were made by Marie Tussaud herself. The gallery originally contained some 400 different figures, but fire damage in 1925 coupled with bombs during the Blitz on London in 1941, severely damaged most of such older models. The casts themselves have survived, allowing the historical waxworks to be remade, and these can be seen in the museum's history exhibit. The oldest figure on display is that of Madame du Barry, the work of Curtius from 1765 and part of the waxworks left to Grosholtz at his death. Other faces from the time of Tussaud include Robespierre and George III.<ref name="Telegraph"/> In 1842, she made a self-portrait, which is now on display at the entrance of her museum. She died in her sleep in London on 16 April 1850.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

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Entrance sign in London

By 1883, the restricted space and rising cost of the Baker Street site prompted her grandson Joseph Randall to commission construction of a building at the museum's current location on Marylebone Road. The new exhibition galleries were opened on 14 July 1884 and were a great success.<ref>Pilbeam, ibid. pp. 166, 168–9.</ref> But Randall had bought out his cousin Louisa's half-share in the business in 1881, and that plus the building costs resulted in his having too little capital. He formed a limited company in 1888 to attract fresh capital but it had to be dissolved after disagreements between the family shareholders. In February 1889, Tussaud's was sold to a group of businessmen led by Edwin Josiah Poyser.<ref>Pilbeam, ibid. p. 170.</ref> Tussaud's great-grandson, John Theodore Tussaud, continued in his role as the museum's manager and chief artist.<ref name="Telegraph">Template:Cite news</ref> The first wax sculpture of a young Winston Churchill was made in 1908; a total of ten have been made since.<ref>Pamela Pilbeam Madame Tussaud: And the History of Waxworks. P.199.</ref>

ExpansionEdit

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First Mortgage Debenture Stock of Madame Tussaud's Ltd., issued 15 September 1949

In 1926, Madame Tussauds became a limited company. In 1949, the company issued a First Mortgage Debenture Stock with Sir Arthur Marshall among the signatories. In the 1960s, Tussauds was looking to expand beyond the UK and in 1970 opened their first international exhibition in Amsterdam.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1978, Madame Tussauds was acquired by S. Pearson and Son, now Pearson plc. The company had been seeking to expand beyond their own attractions before acquiring the group. Chessington Zoo (now Chessington World of Adventures) in southwest London was already owned by Pearson and it became a Tussauds attraction after the buyout. In 1989, the company opened Madame Tussaud's Rock Circus, an exhibition held at the London Pavilion celebrating the history of rock and pop music featuring its major figures recreated in wax.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1997, the museum in London attracted 2.79 million visitors, more than the Tower of London.<ref name="Pearson"/> In 1999, the company opened its first US site in Las Vegas. Its success led the company to look for another exhibition location in the US, with the New York site opening the following year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1999, after being part of Pearson for twenty years, Charterhouse Development Capital acquired the group. The new company bought in new management and sought to increase profits whilst continuing the company's growth.<ref name="Pearson">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2000, the London Eye launched, in which Tussauds had a 33% stake, and managed by Tussauds the site soon became one of the UK's most popular attractions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2005, Madame Tussauds was sold to a company in Dubai, Dubai International Capital, for £800m (US$1.5bn). In May 2007, The Blackstone Group purchased The Tussauds Group from then-owner Dubai International Capital for US$1.9 billion;<ref name="auto">Template:Cite news</ref> the company was merged with Blackstone's Merlin Entertainments and operation of Madame Tussauds was taken over by Merlin.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After the Tussauds acquisition, Dubai International Capital gained 20% of Merlin Entertainment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 17 July 2007, as part of the financing for the Tussauds deal, Merlin sold the freehold of Madame Tussauds to private investor Nick Leslau and his investment firm Prestbury under a sale and leaseback agreement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although the attraction sites are owned by Prestbury, they are operated by Merlin based on a renewable 35-year lease.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>

Recent statusEdit

File:Madame Tussauds London - panoramio.jpg
Madame Tussauds logo (spelt without the apostrophe) next to a waxwork of Kate Winslet in London

Madame Tussaud's wax museum has been a major tourist attraction in London since it opened in the 1830s, an era viewed as being when the city's tourism industry began.<ref name="tourism">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2006 it incorporated the London Planetarium to its west wing. A large animated dark ride, The Spirit of London, opened in 1993. Today's wax figures at Tussauds include historical and royal figures, film stars, sports stars, and famous murderers. It has been known since 2007 as "Madame Tussauds" museums (no apostrophe).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2009, a Template:Convert waxwork of Tinker Bell (the fairy from J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan) became the museum's smallest figure of all time when it was unveiled in London.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In July 2008, Madame Tussauds' Berlin branch became embroiled in controversy when a 41-year-old German man brushed past two guards and decapitated a wax figure depicting Adolf Hitler. This was believed to be an act of protest against showing the ruthless dictator alongside sports heroes, movie stars, and other historical figures. The statue has since been repaired, and the perpetrator has admitted that he attacked the statue to win a bet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The original model of Hitler was unveiled in Madame Tussauds London in April 1933; it was frequently vandalised and a 1936 replacement had to be carefully guarded.<ref>Pilbeam, ibid. p. 199.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In January 2016, the statue of Hitler was removed from the Chamber of Horrors section in the London museum in response to an open letter sent by a staff writer of The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles, followed by significant support for its removal from social media.<ref name=jjmadameremoved>Template:Cite news</ref>

The first Madame Tussauds in India opened in New Delhi on 1 December 2017. Its operator, Merlin Entertainments, planned an investment of 50 million pounds over the next 10 years.<ref>[1]: "Madame Tussauds (no longer an apostrophe)."</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It features over 50 wax models, including political and entertainment figures such as Ariana Grande, Amitabh Bachchan, Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif, Sachin Tendulkar, Kim Kardashian, Tom Cruise, Leonardo DiCaprio, Scarlett Johansson, Angelina Jolie, Asha Bhosle, Kapil Dev, and Mary Kom.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 30 December 2020, the holding company of Madame Tussauds in Delhi confirmed a temporary shutdown of the museum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It reopened in 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LocationsEdit

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AsiaEdit

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EuropeEdit

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North AmericaEdit

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OceaniaEdit

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In popular cultureEdit

Celebrity poses with their wax figuresEdit

Celebrities have often posed like their wax figures as pranks and publicity stunts:

  • On 3 November 2009, the museum's New York City branch was featured in a segment on NBC's Today in which weatherman Al Roker posed in place of his lifelike wax figure for two hours and startled unsuspecting visitors, who were at first led to believe they were viewing Roker's wax counterpart.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • NBA players Carmelo Anthony and Jeremy Lin pranked fans during the unveiling of their statues at the New York and San Francisco museums, respectively.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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MusicEdit

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Taylor wrote the song as "a new metaphor to ask [the] same question" as Jesus, "What good is it for a man to gain the whole world, yet forfeit his soul?"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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List of wax figuresEdit

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GalleryEdit

See alsoEdit

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

External linksEdit

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