Magnetic tape

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7-inch reel of ¼-inch-wide audio recording tape, typical of consumer use in the 1950s–70s.

Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic storage made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film. It was developed in Germany in 1928, based on the earlier magnetic wire recording from Denmark. Devices that use magnetic tape can with relative ease record and play back audio, visual, and binary computer data.

Magnetic tape revolutionized sound recording and reproduction and broadcasting. It allowed radio, which had always been broadcast live, to be recorded for later or repeated airing. Since the early 1950s, magnetic tape has been used with computers to store large quantities of data and is still used for backup purposes.

Magnetic tape begins to degrade after 10–20 years and therefore is not an ideal medium for long-term archival storage.<ref name=ScientificAmerican>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The exception is data tape formats like LTO which are specifically designed for long-term archiving.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Information in magnetic tapes is often recorded in tracks which are narrow and long areas of information recorded magnetically onto the tape, which are separate from each other and often spaced apart from adjacent tracks. Tracks are often parallel to the length of the tape, in which case they are known as longitudinal tracks,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or diagonal relative to the length of the tape in helical scan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> There are also transverse scan and arcuate scanning, used in Quadruplex videotape. Azimuth recording is used to reduce or eliminate the spacing that exists between adjacent tracks.

DurabilityEdit

Template:See also While good for short-term use, magnetic tape is highly prone to disintegration. Depending on the environment, this process may begin after 10–20 years.<ref name=ScientificAmerican/>

Over time, magnetic tape made in the 1970s and 1980s can suffer from a type of deterioration called sticky-shed syndrome. It is caused by hydrolysis of the binder in the tape and can render the tape unusable.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

SuccessorsEdit

Since the introduction of magnetic tape, other technologies have been developed that can perform the same functions, and therefore, replace it. Such as for example, hard disk drives in computers replacing cassette tape readers such as the Atari Program Recorder and the Commodore Datasette for software,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> CDs and MiniDiscs replacing cassette tapes for audio, and DVDs replacing VHS tapes. Despite this, technological innovation continues. Template:As of Sony and IBM continue to advance tape capacity.<ref name="Sony2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

UsesEdit

AudioEdit

File:Kaseta magnetofonowa ubt.jpeg

Compact Cassette

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Magnetic tape was invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Because of escalating political tensions and the outbreak of World War II, these developments in Germany were largely kept secret. Although the Allies knew from their monitoring of Nazi radio broadcasts that the Germans had some new form of recording technology, its nature was not discovered until the Allies acquired German recording equipment as they invaded Europe at the end of the war.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was only after the war that Americans, particularly Jack Mullin, John Herbert Orr, and Richard H. Ranger, were able to bring this technology out of Germany and develop it into commercially viable formats. Bing Crosby, an early adopter of the technology, made a large investment in the tape hardware manufacturer Ampex.<ref name="Fenster">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

A wide variety of audiotape recorders and formats have been developed since. Some magnetic tape-based formats include:

Reel-to-reel
Fidelipac
Stereo-Pak (Muntz Stereo-Pak, commonly known as the 4-track cartridge)
Perforated (sprocketed) film audio magnetic tape (sepmag, perfotape, sound follower tape, magnetic film)
8-track tape
Compact Cassette
Elcaset
RCA tape cartridge
Mini-Cassette
Microcassette
Picocassette
NT (cassette)
ProDigi
Digital Audio Stationary Head
Digital Audio Tape
Digital Compact Cassette

VideoEdit

File:VHS head drum 2.jpg

A VHS helical scan head drum. Helical and transverse scans made it possible to increase the data bandwidth to the necessary point for recording video on tapes, and not just audio.

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Videotape is magnetic tape used for storing video and usually sound in addition. Information stored can be in the form of either an analog or digital signal. Videotape is used in both video tape recorders (VTRs) and, more commonly, videocassette recorders (VCRs) and camcorders. Videotapes have also been used for storing scientific or medical data, such as the data produced by an electrocardiogram.

Some magnetic tape-based formats include: Template:Div col