Mahammad Amin Rasulzade

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Mahammad Amin Akhund Haji Molla Alakbar oghlu RasulzadeTemplate:Efn (31 January 1884 – 6 March 1955) was an Azerbaijani politician, journalist and the head of the Azerbaijani National Council. He is mainly considered the founder of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 and the father of its statehood. His expression "Template:Interlanguage link" ("The flag once raised shall never fall!") became the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the early 20th century.

File:Məhəmməd Əmin Rəsulzadə dostları ilə (4).jpg

Resulzade with his wife Hamida and his friends

Early lifeEdit

File:Məhəmməd Əmin Rəsulzadə (2).jpg

Mammad Amin Rasulzade

Born on 31 January 1884 to Akhund Haji Molla Alakbar Rasulzadeh in Novkhany,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> near Baku, Mahammad Amin Rasulzade received his education at the Russian-Muslim Secondary School and then at the Technical College in Baku. In his years of study he created "Muslim Youth Organisation Musavat",<ref name="turkey-bio">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> first secret organisation in Azerbaijan's contemporary history, and beginning from 1903 Rasulzade began writing articles in various opposition newspapers and magazines. At that time, his anti-monarchist platform and his demands for the national autonomy of Azerbaijan, aligned him with Social Democrats and future Communists. In 1904 he founded the first Muslim social-democrat organisation "Hummet" and became editor-in-chief of its newspapers, Takamul (1906–1907) and Yoldash (1907). Rasulzade also published many articles in non-partisan newspapers such as Hayat, Irshad, and the journal Fuyuzat. His dramatic play titled The Lights in the Darkness was staged in Baku in 1908.

Rasulzade and his co-workers were representatives of the Azerbaijani intelligentsia. Most of them, including Rasulzade himself, had been members of the Baku organization of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Bolsheviks) in 1905.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A photograph is extant in Soviet archives, showing Rasulzade with Prokopius Dzhaparidze and Meshadi Azizbekov, Bolsheviks who later became famous as two of the 26 Baku Commissars shot during the civil war.<ref>M.D. Guseinov. Тюркская Демократическая Партия Федералистов "Мусават" в прошлом и настоящем. Baku, 1927, p. 9</ref> During the First Russian Revolution (1905–1907), Rasulzade actively participated in revolutionary developments. As the story goes, it was Rasulzade who saved young Joseph Stalin in 1905 in Baku, when police were searching for the latter as an active instigator of riots.<ref>Rais Rasulzade (his grandson), "Mahammad Amin Rasulzade: Founding Father of the First Republic," Template:Webarchive in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 22-23.</ref>

In 1909, under the persecution from Tsarist authorities, Rasulzade fled Baku to participate in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. While in Iran, Rasulzade edited Iran-e Azad newspaper,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> became one of the founders of Democrat Party of Persia and began publishing its newspaper Iran-e Now<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which means "New Iran" and which has been described as "the greatest, most important and best known of the Persian newspapers, and the first to appear in the large size usual in Europe".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1911, Rasulzade also published his book "Saadet-e bashar" ("Happiness of Mankind") in defense of the revolution. Rasulzade was fluent in Persian.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

After Russian troops entered Iran in 1911 and, in cooperation with British, assisted Qajar Court to put an end to Iranian Constitutional Revolution, Rasulzade fled to Istanbul, then capital of Ottoman Empire. Here, in the wake of Young Turk Revolution, Rasulzade founded a journal called Türk Yurdu (The Land of Turks), in which he published his famous article "İran Türkleri" about the Iranian Turks.<ref>Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. Azerbaijan Government 1918-1920. Baku, "Youth", 1990. page 25 lines 3-11 from above</ref>

The Musavat Party and Azerbaijan Democratic RepublicEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Transcaucasus List 10 - Musavat.png

Election ballot for the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election, written in both Azerbaijani and Russian, with Rasulzade listed under number 3.

File:Opening of the Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.jpg

Opening of the Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

After the Amnesty Act of 1913, dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty, Rasulzade returned to Baku, left the Hummet party he was previously member of, and joined the then secret Musavat (Equality) party in 1913, established in 1911, which initially promoted pan-Islamist, pan-Turkist and Socialist ideas,<ref>Pan-Turkism: From Irrendentism to Cooperation by Jacob M. Landau P.55</ref><ref>On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus by Firouzeh Mostashari P. 144</ref><ref>Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires by Aviel Roshwald, page 100</ref><ref>Disaster and Development: The politics of Humanitarian Aid by Neil Middleton and Phil O'keefe P. 132</ref><ref>The Armenian-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications by Michael P. Croissant P. 14</ref> or more precisely Pan-Islamism yet with affinity for greater cultural bonds with the Turkic world,<ref>Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition, Columbia University Press, 1995, p. 52.</ref> and which eventually became Azerbaijani nationalist party, and quickly became its chief. In 1915 he started to publish the party's newspaper "Açıq Söz" (Open word) which lasted until 1918. When the February Revolution happened, Musavat together with other secret political parties in the Russian Empire, were quickly legalized and became a leading party of Caucasian Muslims after it merged with Party of Turkic Federalists headed by Nasib Yusifbeyli. The October Revolution in 1917 lead to the secession of Transcaucasia from Russia and Rasulzade became head of Muslim faction in the Seym, the parliament of the Transcaucasian Federation. After the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Federation, the Muslim faction re-organized into the Azerbaijani National Council, whose head Rasulzade was unanimously elected in May 1918.

On 28 May 1918 the Azerbaijani National Council, headed by Rasulzade, declared an independent Azerbaijan Republic. Rasulzade also initiated the establishment of Baku State University together with Rashid Khan Gaplanov, minister of education with the funding of oil baron Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev in 1919. Rasulzade taught Ottoman literature at the university.

File:Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq bir daha enməz.jpg

"The flag once raised will never fall!"

Template:Rquote

After the collapse of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in April 1920, Rasulzade left Baku and went into hiding in the mountainous village of Lahıc, Ismailli to direct the resistance to Sovietization. But in August 1920, after the Soviet Russian army crushed the rebellions of Ganja, Karabakh, Zagatala and Lankaran, led by ex-officers of the Azerbaijani National Army, Rasulzade was arrested and brought to Baku. It was only due to an earlier rescue of Joseph Stalin, as Rasulzade hid Stalin from the police, that Rasulzade was released and transferred from Azerbaijan to Russia.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> For the next two years, Rasulzade worked as the press representative at the Commissariat on Nations in Moscow. He was seconded to Saint Petersburg in 1922 from where he escaped to Finland.

ExileEdit

For the rest of his life, Rasulzade lived in exile first in Turkey. Between 1923 and 1927, he was an editor-in-chief of the magazine called Yeni Kafkasya (Turkish: New Caucasus)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> which was suspended by the Kemalist government by the request of Moscow. Rasulzade continued to publish various articles, newspapers, and magazines from 1928 until 1931 in Turkey.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, the 1931 suppression of the emigre publicationsTemplate:Citation needed coincided with Rasulzade's expulsion from Turkey, and some saw it as the result of caving in to Soviet pressure.Template:Citation needed In exile Rasulzade published a pamphlet titled O Pantiurkizme v sviazi s kavkazskoi problemoi (О Пантюркизме в связи с кавказской проблемой, Pan-Turkism with regard to the Caucasian problem), in which he firmly stated his view: Pan-Turkism was a cultural movement rather than a political program.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Thus, he went to Poland in 1938, where he met his wife, Wanda, niece of Polish statesman Józef Piłsudski, then to Romania in 1940.Template:Citation needed

During his exile in 1942, Rasulzade was contacted by the leadership of Nazi Germany, who, when forming national legions from representatives of the peoples of the Soviet Union, relied on well-known and authoritative representatives, such as Rasulzade and other leaders of the 1918 Caucasian republics.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hitler tried to recruit Rasulzade as a leader of a German-occupied Caucasus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Rasulzade was convinced of the close connection between Musavatism and Nazism. He noted that the social program of the Musavat party was of a national socialist nature.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> During a meeting with the German leadership in May 1942, Rasulzade attempted to form a strategic alliance with Nazi Germany in order to restore Azerbaijan's independence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Rasulzade demanded that Nazi Germany announce its absolute commitment to the restoration of the Transcaucasian states, however, due to the evasive nature of the Reich in the conversation, he left Berlin.<ref name= Tadeusz>Template:Cite book</ref>

Finally, after World War II, he went back to Ankara, Turkey in 1947, where he participated in the politics of the marginal Pan Turkic movement.<ref name="goltz">Template:Cite book</ref> Due to sensitivity of his presence in either Turkey or Iran, and being often exiled, Rasulzade "cherished bad memories of both Iran and Turkey".<ref>Charles van der Leeuw, Azerbaijan: A Quest for Identity, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p. 121.</ref> In his appeal to Azerbaijani people in 1953 through Voice of America, he stressed his hope that one day it will become independent again.<ref>http://www.rasulzade.org/ME_Rasulzade_nin_Amerikanin_Sesinde_chixishi.mp3 Template:Dead link</ref> He died in 1955, a broken man according to Thomas Goltz,<ref name="goltz"/> and was buried in Cebeci Asri cemetery in Ankara.<ref name=":0" />

File:Məhəmməd Əmin Rəsulzadə və dostları Atatürkün məzarı qarşısında.jpg

Muhammad Amin Rasulzadeh and his friends in front of Atatürk's tomb

Legacy and honorsEdit

File:1000 manat 1993, Azerbaijan (both sides).jpg

Azerbaijani currency: 1000 Manat (1993) featuring Mammed Amin Rasulzade until 2001

File:Məhəmməd Əmin Rəsulzadənin Ankaradakı heykəli (cropped).png

Stature of Resulzade in Ankara

Rasulzade was commemorated by many memorials throughout Azerbaijan, such as Baku State University, which was named after his honor. Rasulzade was depicted on the obverse of the Azerbaijani 1000 manat banknote of 1993–2006.<ref>National Bank of Azerbaijan Template:Webarchive. National currency: 1000 manat Template:Webarchive. – Retrieved 24 March 2009.</ref>

The Mehmet Emin Resulzade Anatolian High School was named after him and is a public high school at Ankara, Turkey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Major worksEdit

Rasulzade's works include:<ref name="turkey-bio"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>

The critic of the party of Etedaliyun (Template:Langx). Teheran, 1910 (in Persian);
The happiness of the mankind (Template:Langx). Ardebil, 1911 (in Persian);
Two views on the form of government (together with Ahmet Salikov). Baku, 1917 (in Azerbaijani);
Democracy. Baku, 1917 (in Azerbaijani);
Which government is good for us? Baku, 1917 (in Azerbaijani);
Role of Musavat in the formation of Azerbaijan. Baku, 1920 (in Azerbaijani);
Azerbaijan Republic: characteristics, formation and contemporary state. Istanbul, 1923 (in Ottoman Turkish);
Siyavush of our century. Istanbul, 1923 and second edition in 1925 (in Ottoman Turkish);
Ideal of liberty and youth. Istanbul, 1925 (in Ottoman Turkish);
Political Situation in Russia. Istanbul, 1925 (in Ottoman Turkish);
The collapse of revolutionary socialism and the future of democracy. Istanbul, 1928 (in Ottoman Turkish);
Nationality and Bolshevism. Istanbul, 1928 (in Ottoman Turkish);
Panturanism in regard with the Caucasian problem. Paris, 1930 (in Russian; reprinted with an English introduction in 1985 in Oxford);
Azerbaijan's struggle for independence. Paris, 1930 (in French);
Shefibeycilik. Istanbul, 1934 (in Turkish);
Contemporary Azerbaijani literature. Berlin, 1936 (in Turkish);
Contemporary Azerbaijani literature. Berlin, 1936 (in Russian);
The problem of Azerbaijan. Berlin, 1938 (in German);
Azerbaijan's struggle for independence. Warsaw, 1938 (in Polish)
Azerbaijan's cultural traditions. Ankara, 1949 (in Turkish);
Contemporary Azerbaijani literature. Ankara, 1950 (in Turkish);
Contemporary Azerbaijani history. Ankara, 1951 (in Turkish);
Great Azerbaijani poet Nizami. Ankara, 1951 (in Turkish);
National Awareness. Ankara. 1978 (in Turkish);
Siyavush of our century. Ankara, 1989 (in Turkish);
Iranian Turks. Istanbul, 1993 (in Turkish);
Caucasian Turks. Istanbul, 1993 (in Turkish).