Mammoth Hot Springs

Template:Short description {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}} Template:Infobox hot spring Mammoth Hot Springs is a large complex of hot springs on a hill of travertine in Yellowstone National Park adjacent to Fort Yellowstone and the Mammoth Hot Springs Historic District.<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref> It was created over thousands of years as hot water from the spring cooled and deposited calcium carbonate (over two tons flow into Mammoth each day in a solution). Because of the huge amount of geothermal vents, travertine flourishes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although these springs lie outside the caldera boundary, their energy has been attributed to the same magmatic system that fuels other Yellowstone geothermal areas.

The hot water that feeds Mammoth comes from Norris Geyser Basin after traveling underground via a fault line<ref>Sorey, M.L. 1991. summary and conclusions. In Effects of Potential Geothermal Development in the Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Resources Area, Montana, on the Thermal Features of Yellowstone National Park. M.L. Sorey, ed. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4052, p A1-A17.</ref> that runs through limestone and roughly parallel to the Norris-to-Mammoth road. The limestone from rock formations along the fault is the source of the calcium carbonate.<ref name=carr>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Shallow circulation along this corridor allows Norris's superheated water to slightly cool before surfacing at Mammoth, generally at about Template:Convert. Algae living in the warm pools have tinted the travertine shades of brown, orange, red, and green.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Thermal activity here is extensive both over time and distance. The thermal flows show much variability with some variations taking place over periods ranging from decades to days.<ref name=carr /> Terrace Mountain at Mammoth Hot Springs is the largest known carbonate-depositing spring in the world. The most famous feature at the springs is the Minerva Terrace, a series of travertine terraces. The terraces have been deposited by the spring over many years but, due to recent minor earthquake activity,Template:When the spring vent has shifted, rendering the terraces dry.

The Mammoth Terraces extend all the way from the hillside, across the Parade Ground, and down to Boiling River. The Mammoth Hotel, as well as all of Fort Yellowstone, is built upon an old terrace formation known as Hotel Terrace. There was some concern when construction began in 1891 on the fort site that the hollow ground would not support the weight of the buildings. Several large sink holes (fenced off) can be seen out on the Parade Ground. This area has been thermally active for several thousand years.<ref name="YNP MHS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Mammoth area exhibits much evidence of glacial activity from the Pinedale Glaciation. The summit of Terrace Mountain is covered with glacial till, thereby dating the travertine formation there to earlier than the end of the Pinedale Glaciation. Several thermal kames, including Capitol Hill and Dude Hill, are major features of the Mammoth Village area. Ice-marginal stream beds are in evidence in the small, narrow valleys where Floating Island Lake and Phantom Lake are found. In Gardner Canyon one can see the old, sorted gravel bed of the Gardner River covered by unsorted glacial till.<ref name="YNP MHS" />

Gallery

• Mammoth Hot Springs - Terracing - August 2011.JPG

  Crystallized calcium carbonate terraces

• HotSprings.jpg

  Elk on travertine terraces

• YNP Mammoth Springs MGB01.jpg

  Mineral deposition

• Mammoth Hot Springs Travertine Terrace.JPG

  Travertine Terrace

• Cleopatra's Terrace in 1902, Mammoth Hot Springs, Y.N.P, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg

  Cleopatra's Terrace Stereo card by T.W. Ingersoll

• Orange Spring Mound at Mammoth Hot Springs.jpg

  Orange Spring Mound at Mammoth Hot Springs

• MK01292 Mammoth Hot Springs-Liberty Cap.jpg

  Liberty Cap

• Dyrad Spring.jpg

  Dryad Spring

• Mound Spring.JPG

  Mound Spring

• Mammoth Hot Springs, Pulpit Terraces - DPLA - 528c84b004e3103607a006e96e662765.jpg

  Pulpit Terraces, ca. 1879–1894.

Individually named thermal features

• Angel Spring 1<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Angel Spring 2<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Angel Spring 3<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Aphrodite Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Baby Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Bath Lake<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Blue Springs<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Canary Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Cavern Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Cedar Tree Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Cheops Mound<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Cleopatra Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Cupid Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Dedolph Spring-a<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Dedolph Spring-b<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Dedolph Spring-c<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Devil's Kitchen Springs (The Sodas)<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Devil's Thumb<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Fan Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Fissure Ridge<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Glen Springs<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Highland Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Hymen Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Ladies' Lake<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Liberty Cap<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Little Burper<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Little Joker<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Little Lucifer<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Main Springs and Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Marble Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Minerva Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Mound Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Naid Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Narrow Gauge Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• New Blue Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• New Highland Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• New Pallette Springs<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Opal Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref> (across the road from Liberty Cap)
• Orange Mound Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Painted Pool<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Palette Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Paperpicker Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Poison Cave<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Poison Spring (Gaseous Hot Spring)<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Prospect Springs and Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Pulpit Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Rath Spring and Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Reservoir Springs<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• River Styx-a<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• River Styx-b<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Sidewalk Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Soda Spring (Bargar-Allen & Day)<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Squirrel Springs and Squirrel Ridge<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Sulphur Pits<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Sulphur Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Tangerine Spring<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• The Buttress<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• The Esplanade<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• The Grottos<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• Trail Springs<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>
• White Elephant Back Terrace<ref>Template:Cite rcn</ref>

See also

• Geothermal areas of Yellowstone