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Mar del Plata

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}}Template:Main other Mar del Plata is a city on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the seat of General Pueyrredón district. Mar del Plata is the second largest city in Buenos Aires Province. The name "Mar del Plata" is short for "Mar del Río de la Plata," and means "sea of the Río de la Plata basin" or "adjoining sea to the (River) Plate region."<ref>Creemos, sin embargo, que por ser el primer contacto que los hombres del Río de la Plata tomaron con el mar se llamó a este punto precisamente mar "del Plata". Cova, Roberto Osvaldo (1968) Síntesis histórica de Mar del Plata: notas para el conocimiento del origen, evolución y desarrollo de la ciudad y de la zona. Municipalidad de General Pueyrredón, p. 8 Template:In lang</ref> Mar del Plata is one of the major fishing ports and the biggest seaside beach resort in Argentina. With a population of 682,605 as per the Template:Census-ar, it is the 5th largest city in Argentina.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

Template:Main article

File:Playa Bristol - Mar del Plata- Ca 1910.jpg
Vacationers enjoy Playa Bristol (c.1910).
File:Mar del Plata Sud.JPG
The Mar del Plata Sud railway station (c.1910) closed in 1949 and was later damaged by fire. It underwent a major restoration in the 2010s, but the upper part that lost its decoration after the fire, remains unadorned.
File:Club Mar del Plata (ca 1910).jpg
The Club Mar del Plata burned down in 1961, and was never rebuilt.
File:Playa Bristol (ca. 1970).jpg
From the 1950s to the 1970s there was a construction boom in the city.

Pre-Spanish era: The region was inhabited by Günuna Kena nomads (also known as northern Tehuelches). They were later (after the 11th century) strongly influenced by the Mapuche culture.

1577–1857: First European explorers. Sir Francis Drake made a reconnaissance of the coast and its sea lion colonies; Don Juan de Garay explored the area by land a few years later, in 1581. In 1742, during the War of Jenkins' Ear, eight survivors of Template:HMS, part of Admiral Anson expedition and led by midshipman Isaac Morris, lived through a ten-month ordeal before being decimated and captured by the Tehuelches, who eventually handed them to the Spaniards. After holding the Englishmen as prisoners, they returned Morris and his surviving companions to London in 1746.<ref>Historical Materials from Southern Patagonia</ref> First colonization attempt by Jesuit Order near Laguna de los Padres ended in disaster (1751).

1857–1874: The Portuguese entrepreneur José Coelho de Meirelles, taking advantage of the country's abundance of wild cattle, built a pier and a factory for salted meat near Cabo Corrientes, but the business only lasted a few years.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

1874–1886: Patricio Peralta Ramos acquired the now abandoned factory along with the surrounding terrain, and founded the town on February 10, 1874. Basque rancher Pedro Luro bought a part of Peralta Ramos land for agricultural production. First docks also erected around this time.

1886–1911: The railway line from Buenos Aires, built by the Buenos Aires Great Southern reached Mar del Plata in 1886; the first hotels started their activity. The upper-class people from Buenos Aires became the first tourists of the new born village. They also established a local government that reflected their conservative ideals. Build-up of a French style resort. On 19 July 1907, the provincial legislature approved a bill that declared Mar del Plata as a city.<ref name = mdpcom>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

1911–1930: The residents, mostly newly arrived emigrants from Europe, demanded and obtained the control of the Municipality administration. The socialists were the mainstream political force in this period, carrying out social reforms and public investment. The main port was also built and inaugurated in 1916.

1930–1946: A military coup reinstated the Conservative hegemony in politics through electoral fraud and corruption, but at local levels they were quite progressive, their policies viewed in some way as a continuity of the socialist trend. In 1932, the construction of National Route 2 was completed, which connected Mar del Plata to Buenos Aires.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Before this, a dirt road connected Mar del Plata to Buenos Aires using a different route, required almost two days to travel by car.<ref name="cmdp">El camino a Mar del Plata, Dirección Nacional de Vialidad, 1934</ref> The seaside Casino complex opened in 1939, was designed by architect Alejandro Bustillo, dates from this period.

1946–1955: Birth of the Peronist movement. A coalition between socialists and radicals defeated this new party by a narrow margin in Mar del Plata, but by 1948 Peronism came to dominate the local administration. The massive tourism, triggered by the welfare politics of Perón and the surge of the middle class marked a huge growth in the city's economy.

1955–1970: After the fall of Perón, the socialists regained the upper hand in local politics; the city reached the peak in activities like construction business and building industry. There was massive emigration from other regions of Argentina.

1970–1989: Slight decline of tourism demand, counterbalanced by the increase of other industries such as fishing and machinery. General infrastructure renewal under the military rule. The centrist Radical Civic Union becomes the main political force after the return of Democracy in 1983.

1989–2010: Though Peronism replaced the radicals in central government amid a national financial crisis, the latter party continued to rule in Mar del Plata. Some resurgence of mass tourism in the early '90s was followed by a deep social crisis in town, with an increase of poverty, jobless rates and emigration. By contrast, the first decade of the 21st century shows an amazingly quick recovery in all sectors of the ailing economy.

In November 2005 the city hosted the 4th Summit of the Americas.

EconomyEdit

File:Mar-del-plata-playa.JPG
One of the beaches of Mar del Plata during summer tourism season
File:Puerto de Mar del Plata.JPG
Typical wooden fishing boats at the port of Mar del Plata

As part of the Argentine recreational coast, tourism is Mar del Plata's main economic activity, with over eight million tourists visiting the city in annually.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mar del Plata has a sophisticated tourist infrastructure with numerous hotels, restaurants, casinos, theatres and other tourist attractions. Mar del Plata is also an important sports centre with a multi-purpose Olympic style stadium (first used for the 1978 World Cup and later upgraded for the 1995 Pan American Games), five golf courses and many other facilities.

As an important fishing port, industry concentrates on fish processing and at least two large shipyards.<ref>Astillero Naval Federico Contessi Template:In lang</ref><ref>Bienvenidos a SPI Template:In lang</ref>

The area is also host to other light industry, such as textile, food manufacturing and polymers. There is a well-developed packaging machines industry, its quality being recognized in international markets.<ref>TECMAR</ref> One of these companies was one of the pioneers in the automatic packaging of tea bags,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> exporting its original machine-designs abroad. Another company also exports its products and has sold royalties to other countries.<ref>Orengia y Conforti Ind. y Com. S.A</ref>

During the mid-1980s, Mar del Plata saw the birth of electronics factories, focused mostly on the telecommunications field, with two of them, Nexuscom and DelSat, succeeding in the international market.<ref>Ninatec S.A.</ref><ref>DelSat Group</ref> By the 2010s, a local technology company, PCBOX, was manufacturing and developing personal computers, tablet computers, smartphones and action-cams.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Also during the decade of 2010, the development of the software industry resulted in the formation of 92 companies and 440 microbusiness.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One of these companies, Making Sense, opened offices at San Antonio, Austin and Boston, in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Along with the American COPsync, Inc, the company developed in 2013 the software for VidTac, an in-car video system for law enforcement,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the internet landing page application Lander, bought by the Silicon Valley company QuestionPro in 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Since the 2000s, a local company builds and develops oil industry equipment, with customers in the United States, Russia, Oman and Egypt.<ref>Hacemos Ingeniería de Primera Línea La Capital, 9 May 2011 Template:In lang</ref><ref>QM Equipment Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref>

Located southwest of the city there are quartzite quarries. The stone is traditionally used in construction. There is a huge area of farms in the rural areas surrounding the city, specialized mostly in the cultivation of vegetables. In 2012, Mar del Plata became a wine-producing area, when a wine company from Mendoza province produced 20,000 lt from a vineyard at Chapadmalal beach from grape varieties such as Sauvignon blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling and Gewürztraminer. Since then, the local winery turned into a tourist attraction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Microbeweries flourished during the 2010s, amounting by 2016 to one third of the national production.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Although the area had suffered from a high rate of unemployment from 1995 to 2003, Mar del Plata has seen 46,000 new jobs created from the third quarter of 2003 to the third quarter of 2008, representing an increase of 22%.<ref>INDEC Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref>

The 2008 Davis Cup Final was held in Mar del Plata. After being shut for a decade, the Gran Hotel Provincial (one of the largest hotels in Argentina) was reopened by the Madrid-based NH Hotels, in 2009.

Mar del Plata continues to lead Argentina's room availability: of 440,000 registered hotel rooms nationwide in early 2009, the city was home to nearly 56,000 (5,000 more than Buenos Aires).<ref>Argentina Municipal: La ciudad de Mar del Plata lidera la oferta hotelera del país Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref>

TransportationEdit

Template:See also

File:Mar plata norte trains 1910.jpg
The old Mar del Plata railway station in 1910
File:Trenamardelplata.jpg
Trains at Mar del Plata railway and bus station, opened in 2011

Mar del Plata is served by Astor Piazzolla International Airport (MDQ/SAZM) with daily flights to Buenos Aires served by Aerolíneas Argentinas and weekly flights to Patagonia served by LADE.

Due to COVID-19 pandemic, flights were reduced just to two daily flights to Buenos Aires served by Aerolineas Argentinas.Template:Cn

Highway 2 connects Mar del Plata with Buenos Aires and Route 11 connects it through the coastline, ending at Miramar, Template:Convert south of Mar del Plata. Route 88 connects to Necochea and Route 226 to Balcarce, Tandil and Olavarría.

The city has a bus and train station serving most cities in Argentina. There are two daily trains to Buenos Aires' Constitución station using new trains operated by Trenes Argentinos.<ref>"Realizará su primer viaje el tren chino que unirá Buenos Aires con Mar del Plata", Minuto Uno, 21 Nov 2014</ref><ref>Comenzó a operar el tren Buenos Aires - Mar del Plata Template:Webarchive - Transporte Publico, 29 December 2–14.</ref> These services are part of the General Roca Railway, owned by the government company Nuevos Ferrocarriles Argentinos.

Railway stations in Mar del Plata
Station Builder Operating Status Operator/s
Mar del Plata Norte BA Great Southern 1886-2011 Closed (1) BA Great Southern (1896-1948)
Ferrocarriles Argentinos (1948-1993)
Ferrobaires (1993-2011)
Mar del Plata Sur BA Great Southern 1910-1949 Closed (2) BA Great Southern (1910-1948)
Ferrocarriles Argentinos (1948-1949)
Railway & Bus Trenes Argentinos 2011–present Active Trenes Argentinos (2011–present)
Notes
  • (1) Its tracks were extended to connect with the bus terminal opened in 2009, also building new train platforms.
  • (2) Operated as the bus terminal of the city until 2009.

CultureEdit

File:Teatro colon 02.jpg
Colón Theatre

Mar del Plata is the most popular destination for conventions in Argentina after Buenos Aires. Mar del Plata has a wide range of services in this sector. The summer season hosts over fifty theatrical plays.

Interreligious CircuitEdit

The city has, for those who do religious tourism, an interesting interreligious circuit that includes a visit among Catholics, in addition to the Cathedral, the Schoenstatt Sanctuary, the “Christ” of the South Jetty, a replica of the Lourdes Grotto, the Chapels of Stella Maris and Santa Cecilia, of other cults is the Russian Orthodox Church of Mar del Plata. The Muslim community opens the doors of the Sunni Mosque of the Muslim community. For its part, the Jewish community offers visits to the Gabriel Temple.<ref>Circuito de Turismo Religioso en Mar del Plata Template:In lang</ref>

Shows and festivalsEdit

File:CarnavalMDP2022-17.jpg
Carnival 2022 participants in Mar del Plata

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  • The Prosa Mutante is a cycle of literary experiences and arts collective established in January 2013 that takes place since then every Thursday from 20:00 at Piano Bar in which stage over 100 local, national and international artists have performed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The local Government sponsors a Symphonic Orchestra.

NightlifeEdit

File:PT MUSEO DEL MAR3.jpg
The Museum of the Sea, opened in 2000 and closed in 2012; it held a collection of over 30,000 sea shells, among other specimens

Mar del Plata has a wide variety of clubs located by district: the area of Escollera Norte (known for its quantity of pubs and nightclubs) and Constitution Avenue.

MuseumsEdit

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Notable peopleEdit

File:Bruzzone-Atelier.jpg
Alberto Bruzzone's workshop

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  • Amado Boudou (born November 19, 1962), former Vice President of Argentina.
  • Alberto Bruzzone (1907–1994), painter, was born in San Juan but chose Mar del Plata as his home city.
  • Germán Burgos (born April 16, 1969), former goalkeeper who played two World Cups. Currently, he is oriented to music.
  • Macarena Achaga (born March 5, 1992), actress, model, and singer.
  • Homero Cárpena (1910–2001), actor, playwright and filmmaker.
  • Juan Carlos Castagnino (1908-1972), painter.
File:Vilas-1975 treated.jpg
Guillermo Vilas near the peak of his career in 1975

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ArchitectureEdit

Template:See also

File:Villa-Normandie.jpg
Villa Normandy, built in 1919
File:Chalet Mar del Plata (2009).jpg
An example of "Mar del Plata Style" house

The development of the city as a seasonal summer resort in the early 20th century led upper class tourists from Buenos Aires to build a European-inspired architecture, based mainly on the picturesque and later on the art deco styles. This gave Mar del Plata the nickname of the Argentine Biarritz. The building industry became the main non-seasonal activity of the town by 1920.

During the 1930s, 1940s, and beyond, local architects and builders, like Auro Tiribelli, Arturo Lemmi, Alberto Córsico-Picollini and Raúl Camusso recreated and transformed the picturesque values into a middle-class scale, marking the beginning of a vernacular architecture, called Mar del Plata Style, consisting in small samples of the luxury-laden summer residences of high society, built for the summer visitor as well as for the local resident.

These chalets were built with stone façades, gable roofs covered with Spanish or French tiles, prominent eaves and front porches. This gives the town some distinctive urban character compared with other Argentine cities, despite the fact that the growing mass of tourists in the '60s imposed the construction of large apartment buildings and skyscrapers as the predominant architectural style downtown.<ref>Cacopardo, Chapter VII (by Javier Sáez)</ref>

ClimateEdit

Mar del Plata has an oceanic climate (Cfb, according to the Köppen climate classification), with humid and moderate summers and relatively cool winters, although polar air masses from Antarctica are frequent. The average daily mean temperature in January is Template:Convert. It is Template:Convert in July. The West-Southwest winds can take the temperature below Template:Convert between mid May and early October, while the Southeast ones (the so-called Sudestada) are stronger, producing coastal showers and rough seas, as well as strong squalls, but the cold is much less intense.<ref name="Roccatagliata">Roccatagliata, pp. 167–174</ref> There is fog in the last days of fall, and springtime is often marred by sea winds and sudden temperature changes.

File:NieveEnPlayaGrande.jpg
A snowy winter's day at Playa Grande, July 10, 2004

The city's summer maximum temperatures fluctuate broadly around the average of Template:Convert: while there are many days between Template:Convert and Template:Convert (although less than in other areas of the Pampas region), strong on-shore or southerly winds can also keep temperatures closer to Template:Convert, and nights can sometimes be very cool even in midsummer (falling below Template:Convert sometimes). However, the summer nights are usually cool to pleasant, with values between Template:Convert to Template:Convert. Traditionally, Easter is seen as the "last" weekend to go to the beach on the Argentine Atlantic Coast, and average maximum temperatures are around Template:Convert at that time. While some years can have the last few days of about Template:Convert around that time, it is also possible to experience daily highs of Template:Convert. Winter temperatures average Template:Convert during the day and Template:Convert at night; they sometimes climb to Template:Convert especially in August, but there are also days where highs stay below Template:Convert and temperatures fall some degrees below Template:Convert at night.

Spring brings the most variable weather, with heat waves bringing highs of more than Template:Convert followed by highs of Template:Convert to Template:Convert and perhaps a late-season frosty night all perfectly possible in October and November.

There are about six days of frost each year in the city center, and almost 27 recorded at the airport.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The average dates for the first and last frost are May 23 and October 4 respectively.<ref name = ORA>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Snowfall is not uncommon, but snow accumulation on the ground is rare, a phenomenon that takes place every six years or so, according to the 1960-2004 data.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Among the best known such occurrences in the last decades were the 1975 and 1991 snowstorms, but there were also snow accumulations in 1994 and 1997 in the highest hills area of Sierra de los Padres, in 1995 along the southern coast; the other two during the first hours of July 10, 2004<ref name=":0" /> and July 15, 2010,<ref>Una ola de frío invade a todo el país Template:Webarchive La Nación, 15 July 2010 Template:In lang</ref> and again in Sierra de los Padres and the southern coast on September 11, 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There were flurries in September 1986, June 2007, July 2011 and August 2013.<ref>Retrieved from the following editions of La Capital newspaper:

  • 17 July 1975
  • 17 September 1986
  • 2 August 1991
  • 5 August 1995
  • 27 June 1997
  • 11 July 2004
  • 26 June 2007

Clarín, June 28, 1994 and 3 July 2011 Video files from Channel 8, Mar del Plata, TN news and Crónica TV</ref>

The record high is Template:Convert on January 14, 2022<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the record low is Template:Convert on July 6, 1988.<ref name = meteoclimat>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The wet season occurs between October and April, especially in summer (December to March), with values over Template:Convert in each of those months. The average annual rainfall is Template:Convert.

Template:Weather box

Climate data for Mar del Plata
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 20.0
(68.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		15.6
(60.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		11.1
(52.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		10.9
(51.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.9
(58.8) 		17.6
(63.7) 		15.4
(59.7)
Source: Climate Data

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GovernmentEdit

File:PT MUNICIPALIDAD.jpg
City Hall

Mar del Plata is the head of the department of General Pueyrredón. The current mayor of the city and department is Guillermo Montenegro, of the Juntos por el Cambio party.

The town council has some legislative powers. The term of office for both the mayor and council members is four years.<ref>Municipalidad de General Pueyrredón - Honorable Concejo Deliberante Template:Webarchive Template:In lang</ref>

In 1919, Mar del Plata became the first town in South America to have a Socialist Mayor, a son of Italian Immigrants, Teodoro Bronzini. The Socialist Party would dominate the city political landscape for most of the 20th century.

Mar del Plata has had 109<ref>List of Mar del Plata mayors since 1881 Template:In lang</ref> Mayors and Commissioners from 1881 to the present.

There is a work by the American political scientist Susan Stokes<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> about the democratic process in Mar del Plata since 1983 in comparison to other regions of Argentina.<ref>Helmke and Levitsky, Chapter 6</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One of the main theses of her articles is that the social and economic development of Mar del Plata was quite atypical, with a strong prevalence of middle-class values that discouraged the policy of clientelism that is the common background in other urban environments of Argentina.<ref>Shapiro and Bedi, pp. 191–195</ref>

EducationEdit

The area has many schools and universities, both private and public. It once had a German school, Johann-Gutenberg-Schule.<ref>"Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV/3672" (Archive). Bundestag (West Germany). 23 June 1965. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. p. 18/51.</ref> There is a wide variety of art schools:

  • Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP): public university with various majors.
  • Escuela de Artes Visuales Martín A Malharro: A higher education school based on modern visual arts with graduate departments of graphic design, photography, illustration, teacher education, scenography and film.
  • Polivalente de Arte (Escuela de Educación Secundaria Especializada en Arte Nº 1): school of secondary education that also works as a vocational school in the fields of Art, Music or Dance.

Also, there are two conservatories (classical and popular music), a vocational school of art, and a municipal school of classical and modern dance.

MediaEdit

TelevisionEdit

SportEdit

File:José-María-Minella-Stadium present.JPG
Estadio José María Minella.
File:Polideportivo-partido-1.jpg
Polideportivo Islas Malvinas.

Mar del Plata's most popular football (soccer) teams are Aldosivi, Alvarado and Kimberley. Aldosivi plays in Primera Nacional, Alvarado and Kimberley in the Torneo Argentino B.<ref>"El Equipo de la Ciudad" by Gastón Julián Gil Template:In lang</ref>

Peñarol and Quilmes de Mar del Plata are the most popular basketball teams. Peñarol have won eight official tournaments (Súper 8, FIBA Americas League, five National Leagues, InterLigas, and Copa Argentina).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mar del Plata hosted the 2011 FIBA Americas Championship, where the city's basketball fans supported Argentina's national basketball team to win the gold medal.<ref>2011 FIBA Americas Championship, Archive.FIBA.com, Retrieved 18 March 2016.</ref> All games were played in the 8,000 seat Polideportivo Islas Malvinas.

For many years, the city hosted a strong international chess tournament.

Mar del Plata hosted six matches in the 1978 FIFA World Cup at the Estadio José María Minella, which was built for the sporting event. It also hosted 6 games in the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship at the Polideportivo Islas Malvinas.

The city also hosted the 1995 Pan American Games, the 2001 Rugby World Cup Sevens, the 1969 World Wrestling Championships, the 1998 Padel World Championship, the 1996 Artistic Skating World Championships and 6 editions of the Inline Speed Skating World Championships (1966, 1969, 1975, 1978, 1983, 1997).

The city is home to Argentine Bandy Union.<ref>Federation of International Bandy Template:Webarchive</ref>

In 2003 Mar del Plata hosted the 2nd Parapan American Games that featured 1,500 athletes from 28 countries competed in nine sporting events.<ref>http://www.disabled-world.com/sports/parapan/Template:Dead link</ref> This was the last Parapan American Games that was not tied to the Pan American Games.

The 20th World Transplant Games were held in the city from 23 to 30 August 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mar del Plata was the starting point for the 2012 Dakar Rally.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Argentina Polo School has its head office at Parque Camet, a green area north of the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Twin towns – Sister citiesEdit

Template:See also

Mar del Plata is twinned with:

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GalleryEdit

  • MAR DEL PLATA B.jpg

    Mar del Plata's view at night from La Perla beaches

  • Chalet-Camusso.jpg

    A two-story Mar del Plata style chalet

  • Villa Victoria (fachada delantera), Mar del Plata, Argentina.JPG

    Villa Victoria, the former home of Victoria Ocampo

  • Torre Tranque de Obras Sanitarias de la Nación.jpg

    The Tudor Revival Style Water Tower (Torre Tanque)

  • Casino de Mar del Plata (9).JPG

    Mar del Plata Casino

  • Museo castagnino.jpg

    Municipal art Museum

  • Calle Mendoza hacia el suroeste desde la torre de agua.jpg

    Stella Maris neighbourhood seen from the southwestern window of the Water Tower (Torre Tanque)

  • Mdp nevada-1991-2.jpg

    Snow on La Perla beach after the unusual snowstorm of August 1, 1991

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Further readingEdit

  • Cacopardo, Fernando A. & others: Mar del Plata, Ciudad e Historia. Alianza Editorial S.A./UNMDP, Madrid/Buenos Aires, 1997. Template:ISBN. Template:In lang
  • Rocatagliata, Juan A. & others: Mar del Plata y su Región. Sociedad Argentina de Estudios Geográficos, Buenos Aires, 1984. Template:In lang
  • Anniversary Editions of La Capital newspaper: 1955, 1980, 1985, 2005. Template:In lang
  • Barili, Roberto T.: Mar del Plata, Reseña Histórica. Published by the Municipality of Gral. Pueyrredón, Mar del Plata, 1964. Template:In lang
  • Zago, Manrique: Mar del Plata, Argentina. Manrique Zago Ed., 1997. (Bilingual Edition)
  • Stokes, Susan C.:Do Informal Institutions Make Democracy Work? Accounting for Accountability in Argentina. University of Chicago. Prepared for presentation at the conference, "Informal Institutions in Latin America". University of Notre Dame, April 23–24, 2003.
  • Shapiro, Ian and Bedi, Sonu : Political Contingency: Studying the Unexpected, the Accidental, and the Unforeseen. New York University Press, 2007. Template:ISBN
  • Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven: Informal Institutions and Democracy:Lessons from Latin America. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Template:ISBN

External linksEdit

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Template:Main cities of Buenos Aires Province Template:Pan American Games host cities

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