Marantaceae

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The Marantaceae are a family, the arrowroot family, or the prayer plant family, of flowering plants consisting of 31 genera and around 530 species, defining it as one of the most species-rich families in its order.<ref name="Kennedy-2000">Kennedy, H. (2000). “Diversification in pollination mechanisms in the Marantaceae”. Pp. 335-343 in Monocots: systematics and evolution, eds. K. L. Wilson and D. A. Morrison. Melbourne: CSIRO</ref><ref name="Ley-2011">Ley, A. C., and Claßen-Bockhoff, R. (2011). “Evolution in African Marantaceae - evidence from phylogenetic, ecological and morphological studies”. Syst. Bot. 36, 277–290. doi: 10.1600/036364411X569480</ref> Species of this family are found in lowland tropical forests of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The majority (80%) of the species are found in the American tropics, followed by Asian (11%) and African (9%) tropics.<ref name="Kennedy-2000" /> They are commonly called the prayer-plant family and are also known for their unique secondary pollination presentation.

DescriptionEdit

The plants usually have underground rhizomes or tubers. The leaves are arranged in two rows with the petioles having a sheathing base. The leaf blade is narrow or broad with pinnate veins running parallel to the midrib. The petiole may be winged, and swollen into a pulvinus at the base.Template:Citation needed

The inflorescence is a spike or panicle, enclosed by spathe-like bracts. The flowers are small and often inconspicuous, irregular, and bisexual, usually with an outer three free sepals and an inner series of three petaloid-like segments, tube-like in appearance. The fruit is either fleshy or a loculicidal capsule.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many species have only a single stamen and that stamen has only a single locule, an oddity they share only with the genus Canna.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

TaxonomyEdit

The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Zingiberales in the clade commelinids in the monocots. The Marantaceae are considered the most derived family in this group due to the extreme reduction in both stamens and carpels.Template:Citation needed

The family consists of 29 genera with about 570 known species,<ref name="Christenhusz-2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> found in the tropical areas of the world except in Australia. The biggest concentration is in the Americas, with seven genera in Africa, and six in Asia.

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Phylogenetic tree of the family.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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GeneraEdit

Clade Haumania
- Haumania
Clade Sarcophrynium
- Hypselodelphys
- Megaphrynium
- Sarcophrynium
- Thaumatococcus
- Trachyphrynium
Clade Donax
- Cominsia
- Donax
- Phacelophrynium
- Phrynium (including Monophrynium)
- Schumannianthus
- Thalia
Clade Calathea
- Calathea
- Goeppertia
- Ischnosiphon
- Monotagma
- Pleiostachya
- Sanblasia
Clade Stachyphrynium
- Afrocalathea
- Ataenidia
- Marantochloa
- Monophyllanthe
- Stachyphrynium
Clade Maranta
- Ctenanthe
- Indianthus
- Halopegia
- Hylaeanthe
- Koernickanthe
- Maranta
- Myrosma
- Saranthe
- Stromanthe

Seed dispersalEdit

Arilated seeds of Marantaceae are dispersed mainly by birds and mammals. In Amazonia, crickets and ants are important secondary dispersers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

PhytochemistryEdit

Rosmarinic acid can be found in plants in the family Marantaceae such as species in the genera Maranta (Maranta leuconeura, Maranta depressa) and Thalia (Thalia geniculata).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Rapid plant movement: secondary pollination presentationEdit

Marantaceae have a distinctive pollination mechanism that is defined by an explosive style movement. It is commonly termed explosive because the action is swift, occurs only one time for each flower, and is irreversible.<ref name="Pischtschan-2008">Pischtschan E, Claßen-Bockhoff R (2008). “Setting-up tension in the style of Marantaceae”. Plant Biol 10:441–450. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00051.x</ref> This quick pollination event plays a significant role in optimizing mating and has been hypothesized to be a factor in the high level of speciation within this family.<ref name="Ley-2011" /> There are two parts of the floral anatomy that contribute to the explosive pollination mechanism: the style and the hooded staminode.<ref name="Ley-2011" />

The secondary pollination presentation begins after a mechanical stimulus is introduced by a pollinator on the trigger appendage of the hooded staminode.<ref name="Jerominek-2015">Jerominek M., Claßen-Bockhoff R. (2015). “Electrical signals in prayer plants (Marantaceae)? Insights into the trigger mechanism of the explosive style movement”. PLoS One 10:e0126411. 10.1371/journal.pone.0126411</ref><ref name="Pischtschan-2008" /> Touching this trigger causes the release of the style from the contacted staminode, leading to rapid inward rolling of the style which is no longer being held under high tension.<ref name="Jerominek-2015" /><ref name="Claßen-Bockhoff-1991">Claßen‐Bockhoff R. (1991). “Investigations on the Construction of the Pollination Apparatus of Thalia geniculata (Marantaceae)”. Botanica Acta, 74, 183–193.</ref> During this quick rolling movement, self pollen (located on top of the style) is deposited on the pollinator while cross-pollen is scooped off the pollinator into the stigmatic cavity.<ref name="Claßen-Bockhoff-1991" /><ref name="Pischtschan-2008" /> This single action occurs very quickly with the full movement being clocked in at around 0.03 seconds.<ref name="Claßen-Bockhoff-1991" />

UsesEdit

The most well-known species in the family is arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), a plant of the Caribbean, grown in parts of the Caribbean, Australasia, and sub-Saharan Africa for its easily digestible starch known as arrowroot. It is grown commercially in the West Indies and tropical Americas.Template:Citation needed

Several species of genus Goeppertia are grown as houseplants for their large ornamental leaves, which are variegated in shades of green, white, and pink. Other genera grown for houseplants includes Stromanthe, Ctenanthe, and Maranta.Template:Citation needed

Calathea lutea has tough, durable leaves used to make waterproof baskets, and in the Caribbean and Central America, its leaves are used for roofing. Two Mexican species - C. macrosepala and C. violacea - have flowers that are cooked and used as vegetables. C. allouia or leren, from the West Indies and tropical America, is known as sweet corn root for its edible tuber.Template:Citation needed

Schumannianthus dichotomus is used for weaving mats to use on floors and beds.Template:Citation needed

File:Maranta-timelapse.gif

Prayer plant "praying", i.e., raising its leaves for the evening