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Matthias Flacius

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Matthias Flacius Illyricus (Latin; Template:Langx) or Francovich (Template:Langx)<ref name="Friedensburg"/><ref name="Wackernagel"/><ref name="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht"/><ref name="Treccani">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (3 March 1520 – 11 March 1575) was a Lutheran reformer from Istria, present-day Croatia. He was notable as a theologian, sometimes dissenting strongly with his fellow Lutherans, and as a scholar for his editorial work on the Magdeburg Centuries. Template:Lutheranism

BiographyEdit

Early life and educationEdit

Flacius was born in Labin (Albona) in Istria, son of Andrea Vlacich (Andrija VlačićTemplate:Efn) alias Francovich and Jacobea (Jakovica) Luciani, daughter of a wealthy and powerful Albonian civic family.<ref name="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht"/> Her family was related by marriage<ref name="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht"/><ref name="Mirkovic">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Twesten"/> to the local Lupetino (Lupetina) family: Jacobea's brother, Luciano Luciani, married Ivanka Lupetina, the sister of the friar Baldo Lupetino (Lupetina), likewise born in Labin, who later was condemned to death in Venice for his Lutheran sympathies.<ref name="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht"/>

Andrea Vlacich was a small landowner, who died during his son's early childhood. Flacius went also by the name Franković. He matriculated at the University of Basel in 1539 under the name Mattheus de Francistis [Franković] de Albona.<ref name="Wackernagel">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Template:Cite book</ref> Further, he himself signed a payment slip at the University of Wittenberg as Mathias Francovich Illyricus.<ref name="Friedensburg">Template:Cite book</ref> The origin of the double surname is not clear, but it might have been a double last name resulting from marriage, his or some of his ancestors'.<ref name="Mirkovic"/><ref name="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht"/> Likewise, the 'Illyricus' is of uncertain origin, likely in reference to his place of origin, the historical province of Illyricum.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

At the age of sixteen, Flacius went to study in Venice, where he was taught by the humanist Giambattista Cipelli (Baptista Aegnatius / Battista Egnazio). At the age of seventeen, he intended to join a monastic order, with a view to sacred learning. His intention, however, was diverted by his uncle-in-law,Template:Efn Baldo Lupetina, provincial of the Franciscans and sympathetic to the Reformation cause, who convinced him to start a university career.<ref name="Chisholm1911">{{#if: | 

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Flacius continued his studies in Basel in 1539, then went to Tübingen and finally ended up in Wittenberg, where in (1541) he was welcomedTemplate:Clarify by Philip Melanchthon. In Tübingen, Flacius was received into the house of Matthias Garbitius (Matija Grbac) a humanist and a professor of Greek at the University of Tübingen, who, like Flacius, was from Istria, and was called "fellow countryman" (conterraneous) by Flacius.<ref name="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht"/> There he came under the influence of Martin Luther. In 1544, Flacius was appointed professor of Hebrew at Wittenberg. He finished his master's degree on 24 February 1546, ranking first among the graduates.<ref name="Chisholm1911"/>

Career and teachingsEdit

Soon, Flacius was prominent in the theological discussions of the time, strenuously opposing the Augsburg Interim, and the compromise of Melanchthon known as the Leipzig Interim. Melanchthon wrote of him with venom as a renegade (aluimus in sinu serpentem, "we have nourished a snake in our bosom"). In 1549, Flacius moved to Magdeburg. On 7 May 1557, he was appointed professor of New Testament at the theological faculty in Jena but was soon involved in controversy with his colleague Victorinus Strigel on the synergistic question (relating to the function of the will in the conversion).<ref name="Chisholm1911"/> He remained at the university between 1557 and 1562.<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon">Template:Cite book</ref>

Affirming the natural inability of man, he adopted a position on sin as not being an accident of human nature, but involved in its substance, since The Fall of Man.<ref name="Chisholm1911"/> Holding to a strong view of what Calvinists later called total depravity, Flacius insisted that human nature was entirely transformed by original sin, human beings were transformed from goodness and almost wholly corrupted with evil, making them kin to the Devil in his view, so that within them, without divine assistance, there lies no power even to cooperate with the Gospel when they hear it preached. Human acts of piety are valueless in themselves, and humans are entirely dependent on the grace of God for salvation. Those who agreed with him on this point, for example, Cyriacus Spangenberg, were termed Flacians.

Resisting ecclesiastical censure, he left Jena in December 1561 to found an academy at Regensburg.<ref name="Chisholm1911"/> That assignment was not successful, so in October 1566 he accepted a call from the Lutheran community at Antwerp. Thence he was driven in early 1567 by the exigencies of war, and went to Frankfurt, where the authorities stood against him. He proceeded to Strasbourg where he was well received by the superintendent Johannes Marbach. Here again, his religious views caused controversies. The authorities ordered him to leave the city by May Day 1573. The prioress Catharina von Meerfeld of the Template:Ill secretly harboured him and his family in Frankfurt where he fell ill and died on 11 March 1575.<ref name="Chisholm1911"/>

Impact and aftermathEdit

Flacius' life was eventful in a turbulent epoch. He represents in some sense a move in the direction of the scientific study of church history in the modern sense and similarly of hermeneutics, though no doubt his impelling motive was not dispassionate but polemical, namely to prove the false premises of Roman Catholicism. His characteristic formula, historia est fundamentum doctrinae, is better understood now than in his own day.<ref name="Chisholm1911"/>

According to Emil Petru Rațiu, the Moldovan president of the Andrei Glavina Cultural Association of the Istro-Romanians, Flacius could have been an ethnic Istro-Romanian. He based these claims on the fact that there used to be a notorious Istro-Romanian presence in Labin during the times in which Flacius lived, in the surname of his father ("Vlacich", which could originate from "Vlach" and have been Latinized as "Flacius") and other arguments.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Family lifeEdit

In 1545, while at Wittenberg, Flacius married a pastor's daughter. He had twelve children with his first wife before she died in 1564. He remarried the same year in Regensburg and had six more children with his second wife. His son Template:Ill was professor of logic and medicine at Rostock.<ref name="Chisholm1911"/>

WorksEdit

File:Matija Vlacic Ilirik kljucsvetogpisma.jpg
Clavis scripturae sacrae, 2nd edition, 1674

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

External linksEdit

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