Messier 36
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Messier 36 or M36, also known as NGC 1960 or the Pinwheel Cluster, is an open cluster of stars in the somewhat northern Auriga constellation. It was discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654, who described it as a nebulous patch.<ref name=FoderaSerio1985/> The cluster was independently re-discovered by Guillaume Le Gentil in 1749, then Charles Messier observed it in 1764 and added it to his catalogue.<ref name=Stoyan2008/> It is about 1,330 pc (4,340 light years) away from Earth.<ref name=Wu2009a/> The cluster is very similar to the Pleiades cluster (M45), and if as far away it would be of similar apparent magnitude.<ref name=Frommert2007/>
This cluster has an angular diameter of Template:Val<ref name=Sanner2000/> and a core radius of Template:Val.<ref name=Jeffries2013/> It has a mass of roughly Template:Val and a linear tidal radius of Template:Convert.<ref name=Piskunov2008/> Based upon photometry, the age of the cluster has been estimated by Wu et al. (2009) as 25.1 Myr<ref name=Wu2009a/> and Template:Val Myr by Bell et al. (2013). The luminosity of the stars that have not yet depleted their lithium implies an age of Template:Val Myr, in good agreement with these older estimates.<ref name=Jeffries2013/>
M36 includes ten stars with a visual magnitude brighter than 10,<ref name=Jeffries2013/> and 178 down to magnitude 14.<ref name=Sanner2000/> 38 members display an infrared excess, with one being particularly high.<ref name=Smith2012/> There is one candidate B-type variable star, of 9th magnitude.<ref name=Delgado1984/>
A 2020 study of the variable stars in the cluster estimated a new closer distance of 3,800 light years from Earth.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
A young stellar object with an outflow, associated with the infrared source IRAS 05327+3404 was discovered in optical observations of M36. The outflow is nicknamed "Holoea", Hawaiian for "flowing gas". Despite appearing close to M36 it is probably not a part of M36 .It may be a member of the more distant S235 region. The young star driving the outflow was classified as transitional between class I and class II and appears to be surrounded by large amounts of circumstellar material.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
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