Michael of Chernigov

Template:Short description Template:Infobox royalty Mikhail Vsevolodovich<ref name='Dimnik'>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Pn</ref>Template:Efn (Template:Circa – 20 September 1246), known as Michael or Mikhail of Chernigov,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn was Grand Prince of Kiev (1236–1239; 1241–1243); he was also Prince of Pereyaslavl (1206), Novgorod-Seversk (1219–1226), Chernigov (1223–1235; 1242–1246), Novgorod (1225–1226; 1229–1230), and Galicia (1235–1236).<ref name='Dimnik'/>

Archaeological evidence reveals that Chernigov towns enjoyed an unprecedented degree of prosperity during his period which suggests that promoting trade was a priority for him.<ref name='Dimnik'/> Commercial interests, in part, also motivated him to seize control of Halych and Kiev because they were channels through which goods from the Rhine valley and Hungary passed to Chernigov.<ref name='Dimnik'/> He also negotiated commercial treaties and political alliances with the Poles and the Hungarians.<ref name='Dimnik'/> He alleviated the tax burden of the Novgorodians and granted their boyars greater political freedom from the prince.<ref name='Dimnik'/>

During the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1237–1242), Mikhail was defeated and had to flee;Template:Sfn in 1246, he was executed by Batu Khan.Template:Sfn

Legacy

Vita of Michael of Chernigov

A hagiography vita of Michael of Chernigov was written some time after his death, describing his life in detail, and framing his execution as martyrdom.Template:Sfn It is unclear when this account was written (at least after the Mongol census in Suzdalia and Novgorod in 1257–59Template:Sfn), and how historically reliable it is.Template:Sfn Mikhail's death is briefly mentioned in the Older Recension of Novgorod First Chronicle (compiled Template:Circa 1275), in the Laurentian Codex (compiled 1377), and in the Hypatian Codex (compiled Template:Circa 1425), but the full text of the vita is not found in these manuscripts.Template:Sfn It is not until the Younger Recension of the Novgorod First Chronicle (compiled Template:Circa 1450) that an extensive narrative of his demise appears,Template:Sfn stating that the bodies of Mikhail and Fedor were thrown to the dogs; but as a sign of divine favor, their bodies remained unmolested and pillars of fire hovered over them.<ref name='Dimnik'/> The Nikon Chronicle (compiled Template:Circa 1550) added even more text to Mikhail's vita, including claims that the Mongols already established a system of military governors and tax collectors in all cities of Kievan Rus' in 1237–1240, which is historically very unlikely.Template:Sfn

Carpine account

Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, an Italian papal legate who travelled through the lands of former Kievan Rus' in the late 1240s, wrote the following account of his death in the Ystoria Mongalorum:

(…) when Michael, one of the princes of Russia, came to submit to Bati, the Tartars first tried to make him pass between two fires. After this they said that he should bow south to Chingis Khan, but he replied that he would gladly bow to Bati and his servants but not to the image of a dead man because this is improper for a Christian. When he was repeatedly told through his son Yaroslav that he must bow, and yet he refused, Bati ordered Prince Michael killed if he would not bow. Prince Michael of Chernigov was passed between fires in accordance with ancient Turco-Mongol tradition. Batu Khan sent to stab him to death for his refusal to do obeisance to Chingis Khaan's shrine in the pagan ritual imposed by the conqueror. The prince replied that he "preferred to die rather than do what was wrong". Bati sent Michael to one of his followers who trampled on his chest with his boots until the prince died. Meanwhile the prince comforted one of his soldiers who stood near by him by saying: 'Be strong because your punishment will not last long and then at once eternal joy will follow.' After this his head was cut off quickly with a knife. The soldier, to tell the truth, also had his head cut off with a knife.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Genealogy

Marriage and children

Michael married once and had several children.

• Elena Romanovna (or Maria Romanovna) (m. 1210 or 1211), a daughter of prince Roman Mstislavich of Halych and his wife, Predslava Rurikovna of Kiev<ref name='Dimnik'/>

1. Feodula Mikhailovna (1212 – 1250); became a nun and adopted the religious name Evfrosinia;<ref name='Dimnik'/>
2. Duke Rostislav Mikhailovich of Macsó (b. c. 1225 – 1262);<ref name='Dimnik'/>
3. Maria Mikhailovna (? – 7 or 9 December 1271), wife of Prince Vasilko Konstantinovich of Rostov;<ref name='Dimnik'/>
4. Prince Roman Mikhailovich of Chernigov and Bryansk (c. 1218 – after 1288/1305);<ref name='Dimnik'/>
5. Prince Mstislav Mikhailovich of Karachev and Zvenigorod<ref name='Dimnik'/> (1220 – 1280);
6. Prince Simeon Mikhailovich of Glukhov and Novosil;<ref name='Dimnik'/>
7. Prince Yury Mikhailovich of Torusa and Bryansk.<ref name='Dimnik'/>

Descendants

Template:See also The later Upper Oka Principalities of the 14th and 15th centuries were reigned by the "upper princes", each of which descended from Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the second half of the 19th century, many family branches stemming from Mikhail flourished: the Baryatinsky, the Gorchakovy, the Dolgorukie, the Eletskie, the Zvenigorodskie, the Koltsovy-Mosalskie, the Obolenskie, the Odoevskie, and the Shcherbatovy.<ref name='Dimnik'/>

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Ystoria Mongalorum (1240s)
  • Modern edition: DiPlano Carpini, Giovanni (Author) - Hildinger, Erik (Translator): The Story of the Mongols whom We Call the Tartars; Branden Publishing Company, Inc, 1996, Boston, MA; Template:ISBN.
• Galician–Volhynian Chronicle (1290s; oldest copy Hypatian Codex Template:Circa 1425)
  • Template:In lang Galician-Volhynian Chronicle (years 1245–1260). (interpreted by Leonid Makhnovets)
  • Template:Cite book (pages 52–53 relate the death of Michael of Chernigov)
• Suzdal'–Vladimirian Chronicle (1305; oldest copy Laurentian Codex 1377) (L. 165 sub anno 6754 (1246) relates the death of Michael of Chernigov)

Scholarly literature

• Dimnik, Martin, Mikhail, Prince of Chernigov and Grand Prince of Kiev, 1224–1246 (1981). pp. 215. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN 978-0888440525.
• Dimnik, Martin, The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246 (2003). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN.
• Template:Cite book (e-book).
• Template:Cite book
• Vernadsky, George, Kievan Russia; Yale University Press, 1948, New Haven and London; Template:ISBN.