Miles Whitney Straight
Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox aircraft The Miles M.11 Whitney Straight was a 1930s twin-seat cabin monoplane designed and produced by the British aircraft manufacturer Miles Aircraft. It was named after Whitney Straight, a Grand Prix motor racing driver, aviator and businessman.<ref name="Moulson2014"/><ref name="Bowman2014"/> The aircraft was the first to combine a side-by-side seating arrangement with an enclosed cockpit for the general aviation sector.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Whitney Straight was developed after F.G. Miles and Straight recognised that they had similar ambitions to develop modern aircraft suited to flying clubs and private owners alike, and thus decided to collaborate on its production. On 14 May 1936, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight at Woodley Aerodrome; quantity production commenced shortly thereafter. Whitney Straights were used in various roles within the civil market, such as air racing and aerial topdressing.
Approaches were also made by Miles to introduce the Whitney Straight into the military market. While not selected as an army cooperation aircraft for the British Army in the pre-war years, numerous civil aircraft were impressed into military service during the Second World War, the type being largely operated as a communications aircraft. While production ended in 1937, several Whitney Straights remained in an airworthy condition into the twenty first century.
DevelopmentEdit
During late 1935, the Grand Prix motor racing driver, aviator and businessman Whitney Straight was engaged in efforts to establish numerous flying clubs to server major British towns.<ref name="Brown 121"/> As a part of his efforts to popularise aviation, Straight sought a modern aeroplane that would be best suited for both club flying and use by private owners; specifically, he desired the envisioned aircraft to be considerably faster that the slow moving biplanes that traditionally dominated the market. It was also desirable for such a plane to feature a side-by-side seating arrangement in an enclosed cockpit, rather than an open cockpit that necessitated the cumbersome use of speaking tubes, in addition to more general attributes such as being reasonably easy to handle, safe to fly, and economic to both maintain and operate.<ref name="Brown 121">Brown 1970, p. 121.</ref>
By this point, F.G. Miles of Philips and Powis had already established a favourable reputation due to, amongst other feats, the company's aircraft having been front runners in the King's Cup Race, thus the company was viewed by Straight as a natural partner for his envisioned aircraft.<ref name="Moulson2014">Moulson 2014, p. 110.</ref><ref name="Bowman2014">Bowman 2014, p. 303.</ref> Upon being approached by Straight, Miles concurred with his aims, thus the two decided to collaborate on the development and marketing of such an aircraft, which was designated as the M.11 Whitney Straight.<ref name="Brown 122">Brown 1970, p. 122.</ref> Work on the project proceeded at a relatively rapid pace, enabling the first prototype (G-AECT) to conduct its maiden flight at Woodley Aerodrome on 14 May 1936. Initially piloted by F.G. Miles, the prototype demonstrated the design to already be fulfilling expectations, particularly in regards to its ease of flight and comfort, while also achieving a 50 per cent speed increase over its biplane contemporaries.<ref name="Brown 122"/>
Having been sufficiently pleased with the first prototype's early performance, quantity production of the Whitney Straight commenced as soon as possible, a state which was reportedly achieved by April 1936.<ref name="Brown 1228">Brown 1970, pp. 122, 128.</ref> Seeking to promote the type, F.G. Miles personally performed an intense tour around Europe to demonstrate and promote the Whitney Straight to potential customers; amongst the feats of the tour was a 17,000 ft flight above the Alps without the use of a supercharger-equipped engine.<ref name="Brown 124">Brown 1970, p. 124.</ref> During April 1938, production of the type was terminated, by which point a total of 50 Whitney Straights had been completed.<ref name=jackson88/><ref name="Brown 128">Brown 1970, p. 128.</ref>
DesignEdit
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The Miles M.11 Whitney Straight was a twin-seat monoplane specifically built for use by flying clubs and private owners.<ref name="Brown 121"/> Its construction was primarily composed of wood, including spruce frames and three-ply birch covering. The Whitney Straight featured a fixed main undercarriage complete with aerodynamic fairings, along with a fixed tailwheel. Relatively comfortable accommodation for its pilot, a single passenger and their luggage, was provided within an enclosed 'side-by-side' cockpit. The cockpit was covered by a single-piece canopy comprising molded Perspex.<ref name="Brown 122"/>
The wings of the Whitney Straight were relatively thick for the era; considerable effort had been put into their design to carefully define their drag properties.<ref name="Brown 1245">Brown 1970, pp. 124-125.</ref> The wings were fitted with vacuum-operated split flaps; these were attributed as having enabled the type's relatively low takeoff speed of 50 mph, as well as the aircraft's high rate of climb.<ref name="Brown 122"/> An alternative flap arrangement, that was noticeably more efficient and produced less drag while increasing lift coefficient, was experimented with during the later years of the prototype's flying career; it directly influenced the design of several subsequent aircraft.<ref name="Brown 1258">Brown 1970, pp. 125-128.</ref>
While early production aircraft were powered by a single Template:Cvt de Havilland Gipsy Major I piston engine, alternative powerplants, such as the Villiers Maya and Menasco Pirate engines, were also used. While a fixed-pitch propeller was used on most aircraft, at least one aircraft was furnished with a variable-pitch propeller that, amongst other benefits, further shortened the takeoff distance required and boosted its initial rate of climb.<ref name="Brown 1224">Brown 1970, pp. 122, 124.</ref>
The Whitney Straight was routinely promoted as possessing a high level of safety, largely as a consequence of its favourable handling characteristics.<ref name="Brown 1223">Brown 1970, pp. 122-123.</ref> F.G. Miles frequently performed relatively dramatic demonstrations to validate this claim, closing the throttle while in a steep climb and releasing the controls for the aircraft to return to level flight of its own accord after only a steep dive. Even when flown at relatively low altitudes, its recovery abilities were impressive.<ref name="Brown 123">Brown 1970, p. 123.</ref>
Operational historyEdit
Numerous Whitney Straights participated in air racing events; in the 1937 King's Cup Race alone, one of the type placed second, while another came in fourth.<ref name="Brown 122"/> Several Whitney Straights were also modified as engine test beds, as well as to test different flap designs.<ref name="Brown 122"/>
On 28 June 1938, the sole M.11C (G-AEYI) to be built crashed at Harefield, Berkshire, resulting in the death of its test pilot, Wing Commander F.W. Stent.Template:Citation needed
Efforts were made by Miles to promote the Whitney Straight to military customers, including its pre-war submission as an army cooperation aircraft for the British Army.<ref name="Brown 1267">Brown 1970, pp. 126-127.</ref> Shortly following the outbreak of the Second World War, the Air Ministry impressed 23 Whitney Straights into military service, in which capacity they were operated as communications aircraft. Twenty-one such aircraft were based in Britain, while one was stationed in India, and another in Egypt. At least one M.11A also served with the Fleet Air Arm between 1940 and 1943, while three were reportedly used by the Royal New Zealand Air Force.<ref name=jackson88/>
Between 1939 and 1943, a New Zealand-based aircraft, piloted by Alan Prichard, participated in aerial seed sowing trials at Ninety Mile Beach, and was subsequently used for spreading superphosphate. These trials were part of the experiments which led to the development of aerial topdressing and the proliferation of aircraft for agricultural purposes.<ref name=jackson88/>
While not produced in large numbers, examples of the type have frequently had particularly lengthy operating lives. At least one aircraft remained in an airworthy condition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
VariantsEdit
Data from:British civil aircraft 1919-1972 Volume III<ref name=jackson88>Jackson 1974, pp. 62–65.</ref>
- M.11
- M.11B
- the sole M.11B was powered by a Template:Cvt Amherst Villiers Maya I engine, adding Template:Cvt to its maximum speed and Template:Cvt to its rate of climb.
- M.11C
- the sole M.11C was powered by a Template:Cvt de Havilland Gipsy Major II engine driving a variable-pitch propeller.
OperatorsEdit
- REDIRECT Template:GBR
- Royal Air Force
- Royal Navy
- Starways (G-AFGK)
SurvivorsEdit
- G-AERV, cn307 in England, UK (Still flying as of 29/05/2021).Template:Citation needed
- G-AFGK, cn509 at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum, Wetaskiwin, Alberta.Template:Citation needed
Specifications (M.11A)Edit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
CitationsEdit
BibliographyEdit
Further readingEdit
- Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. Chancellor Press, 2002. Template:ISBN.