Minangkabau language
Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other
Minangkabau (Minangkabau: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Jawi script: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Template:Langx) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi, also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau.<ref name="Kajian Serba Linguistik">Kajian Serba Linguistik : Untuk Anton Moeliono Pereksa Bahasa (2000)</ref> The language is also a lingua franca along the western coastal region of the province of North Sumatra, and is even used in parts of Aceh, where the language is called Aneuk Jamee.
Minangkabau is similar to Malay. The relationship between the languages is characterized in different ways. Some see Minangkabau as an early variety of Malay, while others think of Minangkabau as a distinct (Malayic) language.<ref name="Archipel">Template:Citation</ref>
Minangkabau is one of a few languages that generally lacks verb forms and grammatical subject-object distinctions.<ref name="Voice and verb morphology in Minangkabau, a language of West Sumatra, Indonesia">Template:Citation</ref>
The Minangkabau language is still commonly spoken amongst the Minangkabau people, and it is used amongst the widespread Minangkabau diaspora. The Minangkabau language is deemed as "informal" in the urban regions of Padang, with the Indonesian language being preferred instead in formal institutions. Youth in the city frequently uses a mixture of conversational Minang and Indonesian slang.
Geographic distributionEdit
Minangkabau is the native language of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra.<ref name="Kajian Serba Linguistik"/> There are approximately 5.5 million speakers of the language. It is also spoken in the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi.<ref name="Kajian Serba Linguistik"/> Along the western coastal region of North Sumatra, the language is also a lingua franca. The language is used and called Aneuk Jamee in parts of Aceh.
Besides Indonesia, Minangkabau is also spoken in Malaysia, by some descendants of migrants from the Minang-speaking region in Sumatra (Ranah Minang, Tanah Minang, or Land of the Minang). Significant numbers of the early migrants settled in what is now the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan; this Negeri Sembilan Malay, known as Bahaso Nogori / Baso Nogoghi, is now a distinct language, more closely related to Malay than to Minangkabau. More recent immigrants are known as Minang.
DialectsEdit
The Minangkabau language has several dialects, sometimes differing between nearby villages (e.g. separated by a river). The dialects are Rao Mapat Tunggul, Muaro Sungai Lolo, Payakumbuh, Pangkalan-Lubuk Alai, Agam-Tanah Datar, Pancungsoal, Kotobaru, Sungai Bendung Air, and Karanganyar.<ref>Nadra, Reniwati, and Efri Yades, Daerah Asal dan Arah Migrasi Orang Minangkabau di Provinsi Jambi Berdasarkan Kajian Variasi Dialektikal (2008)</ref> In everyday communication between Minangkabau people of different regions, the Agam-Tanah Datar dialect (Baso Padang or Baso Urang Awak 'our [people's] language') is often used and has become a kind of standard.
The Tapan language, spoken in the town of Tapan in southern West Sumatra province, is a recently discovered Malayan language which has been proposed as related to but not part of Minangkabau. Together, Tapan and Minangkabau would form a Greater Minangkabau subgroup.<ref name="Kurniati">Kurniati, S., Putri, Y. P., Wichmann, S., & Gil, D. (2011). Tapan: An Exploration in Malayic Subgrouping. Paper presented at the 15th International Symposium on Malay Indonesian Linguistics (ISMIL 15).</ref> The two languages Tapan and Muko-Muko form a Lunangic subgroup within the Minangic (Greater Minangkabau) language group.<ref name="Kurniati"/><ref name="Gil2015">Gil, D. & McKinnon, T. (2015). Excrescent Nasals in Malayic Dialects of Western Sumatra. Paper presented at the 13th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (13-ICAL).</ref>
The Minangic subgroup is characterized by the following word-final sound changes.<ref name="Gil2015"/>
- *V[hi]ŋ > V[hi]ăŋ
- *us > uĭh
- *at > eʔ
- *as > eh
- *is > ih
PhonologyEdit
The sound inventory of Minangkabau is listed below:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
ConsonantsEdit
VowelsEdit
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | main}} Template:Angbr | main}} Template:Angbr, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Angbr |
| Mid | main}} Template:Angbr | main}} Template:Angbr |
| Open | {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Angbr, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Template:Angbr | |
ExampleEdit
SentencesEdit
| English | Minangkabau | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| How are you now? | lang}} | lang}} |
| I'm well. How about you? | lang}} | lang}} |
| What is your name? | lang}} | lang}} |
| My name is ... | lang}} | lang}} |
| Thank you. | lang}} | lang}} |
| The trees in the jungle don't have the same height, moreover the people. (Proverb) | lang}} (Pribaso) | lang}} (Peribahasa) |
| "As the frog swims, so he/she swims too." (He/she is doing something without having a goal.) | lang}} | lang}} |
| Don't throw the rubbish here! (Command) | lang}} (Parintah) | lang}} (Perintah) |
| Do not touch! You will burn your hand. | lang}} | lang}} |
NumeralsEdit
| Number | Minangkabau | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lang}} | lang}} | one |
| 2 | lang}} | lang}} | two |
| 3 | lang}} | lang}} | three |
| 4 | lang}} | lang}} | four |
| 5 | lang}} | lang}} | five |
| 6 | lang}} | lang}} | six |
| 7 | lang}} | lang}} | seven |
| 8 | lang}} | lang}} | eight |
| 9 | lang}} | lang}} | nine |
| 10 | lang}} | lang}} | ten |
| 11 | lang}} | lang}} | eleven |
| 15 | lang}} | lang}} | fifteen |
| 50 | lang}} | lang}} | fifty |
| 100 | lang}} | lang}} | one hundred/a hundred |
| 150 | lang}} | lang}} | one hundred and fifty |
| 500 | lang}} | lang}} | five hundred |
| #,000 | lang}} | lang}} | thousand |
| #,000,000 | lang}} | lang}} | million |
| #,000,000,000 | lang}} | lang}} | billion |
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Nurlela Adnan, Ermitati, Rosnida M. Nur, Pusat Bahasa (Indonesia), Balai Pustaka (Persero), PT. 2001 – Indonesian-Minangkabau dictionary (Kamus bahasa Indonesia-Minangkabau), 841 pages.
- Marjusman Maksan, Yulina Kasim, Tamsin Medan, Syamsir Arifin, Basri, A. Razak Sikumbang, 1984, Geografi Dialek Bahasa Minangbakau, Jakarta, Pusat Pembinaan Dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 1984.
- Tata Bahasa Minangkabau, Gerard Moussay (original title La Langue Minangkabau, translated from French by Rahayu S. Hidayat), Template:ISBN.
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
Template:Minangkabau Template:Languages of Indonesia Template:Languages of Malaysia Template:Languages of Singapore Template:Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages Template:Authority control