Mirian III

Mirian III (Template:Lang-ka) was a king (mepe) of Iberia or Kartli (Georgia), contemporaneous to the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (r. 306–337). He was the founder of the royal Chosroid dynasty.

According to the early Medieval Georgian annals and hagiography, Mirian was the first Christian king of Iberia, converted through the ministry of Nino, a Cappadocian female missionary. Following the Christianization of Iberia, he is credited with having established Christianity as his kingdom's state religion and is regarded by the Georgian Orthodox Church as a saint and was canonized as Saint Equal to the Apostles King Mirian (Template:Lang-ka).<ref name="DML">Lang, David Marshall (1956), Lives and legends of the Georgian saints, pp. 13-39. London: Allen & Unwin</ref><ref name="pravo">Machitadze, Archpriest Zakaria (2006), "The Feast of the Robe of our Lord, the Myrrh-streaming and Life-giving Pillar, Equals-to-the-Apostles King Mirian and Queen Nana, and Saints Sidonia and Abiatar (4th century)" Template:Webarchive, in The Lives of the Georgian Saints Template:Webarchive. Pravoslavie.Ru. Retrieved on April 15, 2009.</ref>

Traditional chronology, in line with Prince Vakhushti's Description of the Kingdom of Georgia, assigns to Mirian's reign—taken to have lasted for 77 years—the dates 268–345, which Professor Cyril Toumanoff changed to 284–361. He was also known to the contemporary Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus and the medieval Armenian chronicles.Template:Sfn<ref name="Toumanoff ">Template:Cite book</ref>

Name

"Mirian" is the Georgian form of the Iranian name of Mihrān.Template:Sfn The name is transliterated in Greek as Mithranes.Template:Sfn According to the Life of Vakhtang, his name was also associated with Mirdat, meaning "given by Mithra",Template:Sfn the name of the ancient Iranian sun god.Template:Sfn His name is rendered as Meribanes by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (XXI, 6, 8).<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> The regnal numbers as in Mirian III are modern and were not used by the medieval Georgian authors. Since two kings preceded him with that name, Mirian has been assigned the ordinal "III" in Georgian historiography.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>

Background and accession

Mirian was a member of the House of Mihran, one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> The family, based at Ray in northern Iran, traced its ancestry back to the ruling Arsacid Empire, the predecessors of the Sasanian Empire.Template:Sfn Mirian himself was also born in Iran and was originally a Zoroastrian.Template:Sfn In 284, the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) Bahram II (Template:Reign) secured the Iberian throne for Mirian, which laid the foundation for Mihranid rule in Iberia, which would last into the sixth century.Template:Sfn Thus, the Chosroid dynasty of which Mirian became the first head, was a branch of the Mihranid princely family.Template:Sfn The motive behind Bahram II's move was to strengthen Sasanian authority in the Caucasus and use the position of the Iberian capital Mtskheta as an entrance to the important passes through the Caucasus Mountains.Template:Sfn This was of so high importance to Bahram II, that he allegedly himself went to Mtskheta in order to secure Mirian's position.Template:Sfn He also sent one of his grandees named Mirvanoz (also a Mihranid) to the country in order to act as the guardian of Mirian, who was then merely aged seven.Template:Sfn After Mirian's marriage with Abeshura (daughter of the previous Iberian ruler Aspacures), 40,000 Sasanian "select mounted warriors" were subsequently stationed in eastern Iberia, Caucasian Albania and Gugark. In western Iberia, 7,000 Sasanian cavalrymen were sent to Mtskheta to safeguard Mirian.Template:Sfn

A few decades later, other branches of the Mihranid family were established on other Caucasian thrones, one of them being in Gugark, and the other in the Armeno-Albania principality of Gardman.Template:Sfn

Early reign

File:Armenian4thcenturies.gif

Map of the Caucasus in the 4th-century

The Life of the Kings recount Mirian's reign in much details. While its information about Mirian's participation—as an Iranian client king—in the Sasanid war against the Roman Empire, and territorial ambitions in Armenia can be true, the claims of Mirian being a pretender to the throne of Iran, of him being in control of Colchis and Albania, and expanding his activity as far as Syria is obviously fictional. Mirian inherited a kingdom that had been ruling Iberia since the 4th century BC.Template:Sfn Iberia, like the rest of the Caucasus, was dominated by Iranian cultures and mixtures of the Zoroastrian religion.Template:Sfn Indeed, according to the modern historian Stephen H. Rapp, the Caucasus was part of the "Iranian Commonwealth", "a massive cross-cultural enterprise stretching from Central Asia to the Balkans."Template:Sfn In the Paikuli inscription of the shahanshah Narseh (Template:Reign), an unnamed king of Iberia is included as one of the shahanshah's vassals, most likely Mirian.Template:Sfn

Mirian, as a Sasanian vassal, took part in Narseh's brief war against the Romans from 297 to 298.Template:Sfn The war ended with a crushing Sasanian defeat, forcing Narseh to cede Armenia and Iberia to the Romans.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Mirian quickly adapted to this change in political situation, and established close ties with Rome.Template:Sfn This association was cemented by Mirian's conversion to ChristianityTemplate:Sfn — according to tradition — through the ministry of Nino, a Cappadocian nun.<ref name="DML"/> Nevertheless, as Ammianus Marcellinus recounts, Constantine's successor, Constantius, had to send in 360 embassies with costly presents to Arsaces of Armenia and Meribanes of Iberia to secure their allegiance during his confrontation with Iran.<ref>Hamilton, Walter (1986), The Later Roman Empire (A.D. 354-378) By Ammianus Marcellinus, p. 215. Penguin Classics, Template:ISBN</ref>

Conversion to Christianity

File:Tombs of King Mirian III and Queen Nana.jpg

The burials of King Mirian and Queen Nana at Samtavro church in Mtskheta

Mirian's conversion to Christianity and adaptation of Iberia's state religion is accepted by scholars to have occurred either in 319<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or 326,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> thus, making Georgia second kingdom after Armenia to have declared Christianity as a state religion. A legend has it that when Mirian, staunchly pagan, was hunting in the woods near his capital Mtskheta, darkness fell upon the land and the king was totally blinded. The light did not resume until Mirian prayed to "Nino's God" for aid. Upon his arrival he summoned Nino to an audience and converted to Christianity soon after. According to tradition, Mirian's second wife, Nana, preceded her husband in conversion.Template:Sfn<ref name="Thomson">Thomson, Robert W. (1996), Rewriting Caucasian History, pp. 83-90. Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN</ref>

His conversion fostered the growth of the central royal government, which confiscated the pagan temples' properties and gave them to the nobles and the church; medieval Georgian sources give evidence of how actively the monarchy and the nobility propagated Christianity and of the resistance they encountered from the mountain folk.<ref name="Rufinus">Amidon, Philip R. (1997), The church history of Rufinus of Aquileia, books 10 and 11, p. 48. Oxford University Press, Template:ISBN</ref> The Roman historian Rufinus as well as the Georgian annals report that, after their conversion, the Iberians requested clergymen from emperor Constantine, who responded vigorously and sent priests and holy relics to Iberia. The Georgian tradition then relates a story of the construction of a cathedral in Mtskheta at Mirian's behest and the king's pilgrimage to Jerusalem shortly before his death.<ref name="Thomson"/> According to tradition, Mirian and his wife Nana were buried at the Samtavro convent in Mtskheta, where their tombs are still displayed to the public.<ref name="pravo"/>

Family

The Georgian sources speak of Mirian's two marriages. His first wife was Abeshura, daughter of the last Arsacid Iberian king who also traced his ancestry to the ancient Pharnabazid dynasty of Iberia. She died without issue when Mirian was 15 years old, in 292 according to Toumanoff. With her death, "the kingship and queenship of the Pharnabazid kings came to an end in Iberia", — the chronicler continues. Mirian subsequently remarried his second queen, Nana "from Pontus, daughter of Oligotos", who bore him two sons—Rev and Varaz-Bakur—and a daughter who married Peroz, the first Mihranid dynast of Gugark.Template:Sfn

Sources

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