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Miskolc

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Miskolc (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Czech and Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is a city in northeastern Hungary, known for its heavy industry. With a population of 161,265 as of 1 January 2014, Miskolc is the fourth largest city in Hungary (behind Budapest, Debrecen, and Szeged). It is also the county capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and the regional centre of Northern Hungary.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EtymologyEdit

The name derives from Miško, Slavic form of Michael.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="varsik">Template:Cite book</ref> Miškovec → Miskolc with the same development as Lipovec → Lipólc, Lipóc. The name is associated with the Miskolc clan (also Miskóc or Myscouch, Slovak Miškovec, plural Miškovci) named after the settlement or vice versa. Earliest mentions are que nunc vocatur Miscoucy (around 1200), de Myschouch (1225), Ponyt de genere Myscouch (1230), in Miscovcy (1245).<ref name="varsik"/>

GeographyEdit

File:Miskolc city hall square.jpg
Miskolc City Hall Square

The city lies at the meeting point of different geographical regions – east of the Bükk mountains, in the valley of the river Sajó and the streams Hejő and Szinva. According to the 2001 Census the city has a total area of Template:Convert. The ground level slopes gradually; the difference between the highest and lowest area is about Template:Convert.

The lowest areas are the banks of the river Sajó, with an altitude of Template:Convert. The area belongs to the Great Plain region and is made up of sedimentary rocks. Between the Avas hill and Diósgyőr lies the hilly area of the Lower Bükk (Template:Convert) consisting of sandstone, marl, clay, layers of coal, from the tertiary period, and volcanic rocks from the Miocene.

The Central Bükk, a gently sloping mountainous area with an altitude between Template:Convert, is situated between Diósgyőr and Lillafüred; the area is made up of limestone, slate, dolomite and other rocks from the Triassic period. The surface was formed mostly by karstic erosions.

The highest area, the Template:Convert high Higher Bükk bore Bükk Highlands begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments (limestone, slate, dolomite) from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, and volcanic rocks like diabase and porphyry. Several caves can be found in the area. The city is also known for the lowest temperature ever recorded in Hungary atTemplate:Convert.<ref name="tempextremitiesinhungary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ClimateEdit

Summers are fresh but sometimes warm and humid in Miskolc. Daytime temperatures of Template:Convert or higher are commonplace. Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Miskolc receives about 120 centimetres of snowfall annually. Days below freezing and nights below Template:Convert both occur in the winter. Template:Weather box

HistoryEdit

File:Miskolc old picture.jpg
Historical picture of the city. View from the Avas hill with the Gothic church in the foreground. The church with two towers is the Minorite Church on today's Heroes' Square.

The area has been inhabited since ancient times – archaeological findings date back to the Paleolithic, proving human presence for over 70,000 years Template:Citation needed. Its first known dwellers were the Cotini, one of the Celt tribes. The area has been occupied by Hungarians since the "Conquest" in the late 9th century. It was first mentioned by this name around 1210 AD. The Miskóc clan lost their power when King Charles I centralized his power by curbing the power of the oligarchs.

Miskolc was elevated to the rank of oppidum (market town) in 1365 by King Louis I. He also had the castle of the nearby town Diósgyőr (now a district of Miskolc) transformed into a Gothic fortress. The city developed in a dynamic way, but during the Ottoman occupation of most of Hungary the development of Miskolc was brought to a standstill. The Ottomans under Suleiman the Magnificent took Miskolc in 1544 and the city prospered further until 1687. It was also ruled by Ottomans after Battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596 as part of Eyalet of Egir until 1687. It was during these years that Miskolc became an important centre of wine-growing. By the end of the 17th century the population of the city was as large as that of Kassa/Košice, and 13 guilds had been founded.

During the war of independence against Habsburg rule in the early 18th century, Prince Francis II Rákóczi, the leader of the Hungarians put his headquarters in Miskolc. The imperial forces sacked and burnt the city in 1707. Four years later half of the population fell victim of a cholera epidemic. Miskolc recovered quickly, and another age of prosperity began again. In 1724, Miskolc was chosen to be the city where the county hall of Borsod county would be built. Many other significant buildings were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the city hall, schools such as Lévay József Református Gimnázium és Diákotthon, churches, the synagogue, and the theatre. The theatre is commonly regarded as the first stone-built theatre of Hungary, although the first one was actually built in Kolozsvár (then a part of Hungary, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). According to the first nationally held census (1786) the city had a population of 14,719, and 2,414 houses.

File:Miskolc Erzsébet Spa.jpg
Elizabeth Square

These years brought prosperity, but the cholera epidemic of 1873 and the flood of 1878 took many lives. Several buildings were destroyed by the flood, but bigger and grander buildings were built in their places. World War I did not affect the city directly, but many people died, either from warfare or from the cholera epidemic. It was occupied by Czechoslovak troops between 1918 and 1919 after the First World War.

After the Treaty of Trianon, Hungary lost Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) and Miskolc became the sole regional center of northern Hungary. This was one of the reasons for the enormous growth of the city during the 1930s and 1940s.

Early in World War II Hungary became an ally of Nazi Germany. Unhappy with the Hungarian government, German troops occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944 and put the anti-semitic Arrow Cross Party in charge of the government. Jews in Miskolc and elsewhere were ordered to wear yellow stars on their clothing.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Under the supervision of Nazi SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann, "deportations" from Miskolc began on June 11 or 12th, 1944. Over 14,000 Jewish adults and children were sent by cattle car to Auschwitz, where most were gassed on arrival. After the war Jews who survived the holocaust returned to Miskolc hoping to reclaim their land and possessions. Over 130 were rounded up by members of the local Arrow Cross Party and summarily murdered Template:Citation needed. The Jewish cemetery on a hill overlooking Miskolc<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> has a memorial for them. It includes the 10 commandments, carved in stone, all written in Hebrew except Thou shall not kill, which is written in Hungarian.

The preparation for World War II established Miskolc as the national centre of heavy industry, a position the city maintained until the 1990s. Although Miskolc suffered a lot during the last year of the war, it recovered quickly, and by absorbing the surrounding villages, it became the second-largest city of Hungary with more than 200,000 inhabitants.

On July 30 and August 1, 1946, the Miskolc pogrom led to death of one accused Jewish black marketeer, the wounding of another, and subsequently the death of a Jewish policeman. Economic hardship and anti-Semitism motivated the riots.

In 1949, the University of Miskolc was founded (as a successor of the Academy of Mining, formerly in Selmecbánya, which is now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia).

File:BorsodCountyHall-2.jpg
County hall of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén on City Hall square

During its long history Miskolc survived fires, floods, plagues and foreign invasions, but maintained its position as the centre of northeastern Hungary. The 1990s brought a crisis in the iron industry with a decline in the population.

Miskolc is now trying to become known as a cultural – instead of merely an industrial – city. Among the various cultural events, one of the most important festivities is the International Opera Festival, held every summer.

Tourist destinations in Miskolc include Tapolca, Lillafüred and Felsőhámor. Tapolca has a park with a boating pond and the unique Cave Bath. Lillafüred and Felsőhámor are pretty villages in a valley surrounded by mountains and forests; their sights include the Hotel Palace on the shore of the Lake Hámori, the Szinva waterfall (the highest waterfall of the country), the Anna Cave and the István Cave.

DemographicsEdit

PopulationEdit

Template:Historical populations The population (around 1910) is multidenominational and multiethnical, and the differences in the level of education mirrors the stratification of society, following these facts. http://mek.oszk.hu/16900/16992

ReligionEdit

Template:Pie chart

Dominant religion in Miskolc is Roman Catholicism followed by Calvinism and Greek Catholicism.

EconomyEdit

File:Erdészeti palota. - Miskolc, Deák tér 1.jpg
Forestry Office on Deák square
File:AvasTVTower.jpg
The TV tower on Avas became the symbol of the city
File:Kossuth statue, Miskolc.jpg
Erzsébet Square
File:UnivMiskolc Main.jpg
Main entrance of the University of Miskolc

Miskolc is generally thought of as an industrial city, and the largest boost to its economy was indeed provided by the industrialization during the Socialist era; in fact industry (including metallurgy) has a long history in the city.

Miskolc was already an important market town in the Middle Ages, mostly due to its proximity to the main trade routes of the region. In regards of the economy, real development started only after the Ottoman occupation. In the 18th century, the town already had a lumber mill, a paper manufacture, a brewery, a gunpowder factory and fifteen mills on the Szinva stream. The glass works manufactures and iron furnaces appeared in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The first iron furnace, built by Henrik Fazola around 1770, did not survive, but the second one, built in 1813, can still be visited. Several new settlements were formed in the Bükk mountains to provide dwellings for the workers of glass works manufactures and furnaces. Many of them – including Alsóhámor, Felsőhámor, Ómassa and Bükkszentlászló – are now parts of Miskolc.

Development quickened from the second half of the 19th century, partly because of the political situation (after the Ausgleich) and partly because of the newly constructed railway line. A large furnace (second largest in the country) was built in Diósgyőr, and several other factories were built. The mining industry became more and more important, too. Within forty years the population doubled. The industrialization led to the forming of Greater Miskolc with the unification of Miskolc and Diósgyőr (1945) and several nearby towns and villages (between 1950 and 1981). The unification was only the first step in Miskolc being developed into an industrial centre. Development reached its highest point in the 1980s, when the metal factory had more than 18,000 workers and production was over one million tons per year. The population hit all-time record (over 200,000 inhabitants), two-thirds of the working people worked in heavy industry.

The economic recession after the end of the Socialist era hit the industrial cities of Northern Hungary the hardest. The unemployment rate rose until it became one of the highest in the country, the population of Miskolc dramatically decreased (not only because of unemployment though, but also due to suburbanization which became prevalent nationwide). The economic situation of the city went through a change, smaller enterprises appeared in place of the large state-owned companies.

By the early 2000s the decade of changes was over, and the city went through the recession successfully. International companies and supermarkets appeared in the area. The local government is trying to strengthen the city's role in culture and tourism. By the end of 2004, the highway M3 had reached the city.

SportsEdit

The most popular sport in Miskolc is football. The leading club of the city is Diósgyőri VTK<ref>Diósgyőri VTK website</ref> (short name: DVTK). They have won the Hungarian Cup several times and represented Hungary many times in Europe. The capacity of the stadium, DVTK Stadion, is 14 655 and the stadium has under-soil heating and fully covered stands.

The other team, Miskolci VSC, plays in the county division. Miskolc has got other former first division representatives, namely Miskolci Attila (seven seasons at the highest level), and Perecesi TK (one).

Football teamsEdit

Miskolc's most successful women's basketball team, DKSK Miskolc MISI, has won the National Cup twice.Template:Citation needed

The DVTK Jegesmedvék ice hockey team plays in the Slovak-based Tipsport Liga. The team's home rink, Miskolc Ice Hall, is in the People's Garden downtown. It has 1 304 seats, a total capacity of 2 200, and opened in 2006.

The women's volleyball team of MVSC also plays at the highest Hungarian level.

Former motorcycle speedway team Speedway Miskolc (8 times champions of Hungary) joined the Team Speedway Polish Championship from 2006 to 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They won the 2007 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup with world champion Jason Crump. They were based at the Borsod Volán Stadion.

City parts of MiskolcEdit

AvasEdit

File:Avasi Belltower.jpg
Belfry of the Gothic church
File:Diosgyor castle and king louis.jpg
Diósgyőr Castle ruins
File:Deszkatemplom Miskolc.jpg
Wooden Church

The Avas is a hill (Template:Convert) in the heart of Miskolc. On the hilltop stands the Avas lookout tower, the symbol of the city. On the northern part of the hill, close to downtown Erzsébet Square, is the Gothic Protestant Church of Avas, one of the two oldest buildings of Miskolc (the other is the Castle of Diósgyőr.) The limestone caves of Avas are used as wine cellars; the narrow, winding streets give a Mediterranean atmosphere to this part of Avas Hill. The southern part of Avas, also called Avas-South, is where the largest housing estate of the city stands, with 10-story Socialist-style concrete buildings providing homes for about one-third of the city's population.

Belváros (City centre)Edit

Miskolc's city centre is not as rich in monuments as that of other cities; only the Main Street (Széchenyi St.), Városház tér (City Hall Square) and Erzsébet tér (Elizabeth Square) have preserved the 19th-century style of the town. There are not only historical buildings but also modern shopping malls and offices in the city centre.

DiósgyőrEdit

The other town forming today's Greater Miskolc is mostly famous for its medieval castle. Miskolc's football team also got its name from Diósgyőr, since their stadium stands there. Historical Diósgyőr is connected to Historical Miskolc by a district called Új(diós)győr (Újgyőr); its main square is an important traffic hub. Also in Új(diós)győr (Diósgyőr-Vasgyár) stands the steel factory that made Miskolc the most important heavy industrial city of Hungary (and earned it the nickname "Steel City"). Diósgyőri Gimnázium also stands in this district.

Egyetemváros (University Town)Edit

The University of Miskolc is among the newer ones. It was founded in the 1950s, so its buildings are not old, historical ones. University Town is one of the newer parts of the city and can be found between Miskolc and the holiday resort Miskolctapolca. The university, the campus, and the sport facilities are surrounded by a large park.

Hejőcsaba and GörömbölyEdit

Two former villages that were annexed to the city in 1945 and 1950. Görömböly still looks like a small town of its own.

LillafüredEdit

Another holiday resort, Miskolc-Lillafüred, is a village surrounded by the Bükk mountains. Its most notable building is the Palace Hotel (Palotaszálló).

Martin-KertvárosEdit

Martin-Kertváros (in Slovak: Martinská osada) is a suburban area.

MiskolctapolcaEdit

One of the most well-known holiday resorts in the country, Tapolca (officially Miskolctapolca or Miskolc-Tapolca to avoid confusion with the Transdanubian town of the same name) is the home of the unique Cave Bath, a natural cave with thermal water. Tapolca is quite far from the city centre and counts as one of the posh areas of Miskolc. It is a popular tourist attraction.

Alsóhámor, Bükkszentlászló, Felsőhámor, Ómassa, SzirmaEdit

These former villages were annexed to the city in 1950 (Bükkszentlászló in 1981) and are still separated villages, connected to the city only by its public transport system.

File:Festivalm4.jpg
International Soldiers and Military Bands Festival.
File:Miskolc national theatre new.jpg
The National Theatre.
File:Former Three Roses Hotel, Miskolc city01.jpg
City Centre.
File:Lillafured.jpg
Lillafüred, Palace Hotel.

Main sightsEdit

DowntownEdit

DiósgyőrEdit

LillafüredEdit

There is a narrow-gauge railway that connects Lillafüred to Miskolc known as the Lillafüredi Állami Erdei Vasút (Lillafüred Forest State Railway). It winds through scenic forests, and takes between a half hour and 45 minutes for the train to go between the two major stops. The Miskolc stop is located in Diósgyőr.

MiskolctapolcaEdit

Near to the cityEdit

FestivalsEdit

SchoolsEdit

Public transportEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:TramInMiskolc2015 02.jpg
Skoda Tram in Miskolc

Public transport in Miskolc is provided by the company MVK Zrt., owned by the local government. There are 36 bus lines and 2 tram lines. The first tram entered service on July 10, 1897 (making Miskolc the third city in Hungary to have a tram line), the first scheduled bus line started on June 8, 1903 (first in the country as well.) Today the public transport of Miskolc is one of the best ones in Hungary. There are several taxi companies too.

The Lillafüred Forest Train connects Diósgyőr to Lillafüred. It is mainly a tourist attraction.

File:CNG articulated bus.jpg
MAN Lion's City CNG on Line 35 (Avas kilátó-Centrum) in Miskolc

The city has two railway stations (Tiszai and Gömöri) and a small unpaved airport, which is not open to the public, used mainly as a sports facility and has no role in public transport since 1963.

PoliticsEdit

The current mayor of Miskolc is Pál Veres (Independent).

The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 28 members (1 Mayor, 19 Individual constituencies MEPs and 8 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Party Seats Current Municipal Assembly
  Opposition coalitionTemplate:Efn 16 M                              
style="background-color: Template:Party color |   Fidesz-KDNP 10 style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |              
  Our Homeland Movement 1                                
  New Impetus for Miskolc 1                                

List of mayorsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} List of City Mayors from 1990:

Member Party Term of office
Tamás Csoba rowspan=2; style="background-color:Template:Party color" | SZDSZ 1990–1993
Ildikó T. Asztalos 1993–1994
Tamás Kobold style="background-color:Template:Party color;" | KDNP 1994–2002
Sándor Káli style="background-color:Template:Party color" | MSZP 2002–2010
Ákos Kriza style="background-color:Template:Party color" | Fidesz 2010–2019
Pál Veres style="background-color:Template:Party color" | IndependentTemplate:Efn 2019–

Notable individualsEdit

File:Sculpture kossuth miskolc.jpg
Lajos Kossuth

Including people born in Miskolc as well as in Diósgyőr and other city parts that were independent towns at the time of their birth.

Lived in MiskolcEdit

GalleryEdit

  • Miskolc walking street1.jpg

    Downtown

  • Tiszai trainstation miskolc front.jpg

    Tiszai Railway Station

  • DarkGate Gallery 01.jpg

    Dark Gate and Gallery of Miskolc

  • AlmassyMansion Miskolc 01.jpg

    Almássy Mansion

  • Forestry Headquarters Miskolc.jpg

    Forestry Headquarters

  • Miskolc foldes 2.jpg

    Ferenc Földes Secondary School

  • OldPost03.jpg

    Former Post Office

  • MusicPalaceMiskolc01.JPG

    Palace of Music

  • Miskolc ReformedChurch 02.jpg

    Reformed Church

  • Minorite Church Miskolc01.jpg

    Minorite Church

  • Miskolc avas jezsuita gimi templom.jpg

    Avas

Twin towns – sister citiesEdit

Template:See also Miskolc is twinned with:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

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See alsoEdit

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References and notesEdit

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Notes

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External linksEdit

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Official sites of the city and city parts
Webcams and image galleries
Education and culture
Other

Template:Miskolc District Template:Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Template:Regional capitals of Hungary Template:Principal cities of Hungary Template:Cities with county rights (Hungary)

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