Monarchy of Luxembourg

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The Grand Duke of Luxembourg Template:Efn is the head of state of Luxembourg. Luxembourg has been a grand duchy since 15 March 1815, when it was created from territory of the former Duchy of Luxembourg. It was in personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands until 1890 under the House of Orange-Nassau. Luxembourg is the world's only sovereign Grand Duchy and since 1815, there have been nine monarchs, including the incumbent, Henri.

Constitutional roleEdit

The constitution of Luxembourg defines the grand duke's position:

The grand duke is the head of state, symbol of its unity, and guarantor of national independence. He exercises executive power in accordance with the constitution and the laws of the country.<ref name="Constitution">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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After a constitutional change (to article 34) in December 2008 resulting from Henri's refusal to assent to a law legalizing euthanasia, laws now no longer require the grand duke's formal assent (implying "approval")<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but his task of promulgating the law as chief executive remains.

CompensationEdit

The grand duke does not receive a salary, but the grand ducal family receives annually 300,000 gold francs (€281,000) for grand ducal functions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2017, the Luxembourg budget included €10.1 million for the grand duke's household costs.<ref name="businessinsider_royals">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SuccessionEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Succession to the throne was governed by Salic law, as dictated by the Nassau Family Pact, first adopted on 30 June 1783.<ref name="Constitution" /> The right to reign over Luxembourg was until June 2011 passed by agnatic-cognatic primogeniture within the House of Nassau, as stipulated under the 1815 Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and as confirmed by the 1867 Treaty of London.<ref name="Constitution" /> The Nassau Family Pact itself can be amended by the usual legislative process, having been so on 10 July 1907 to exclude the Count of Merenberg branch of the House, which was descended from a morganatic marriage.<ref>Template:In lang {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

An heir apparent may be granted the style 'hereditary grand duke'. The current heir apparent is Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume. In June 2011, agnatic primogeniture was replaced with absolute primogeniture, allowing any legitimate female descendants within the House of Nassau to be included in the line of succession.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Full titlesEdit

The traditional titulatures of the Grand Duke are By the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Count of Sayn, Königstein, Katzenelnbogen and Diez, Burgrave of Hammerstein, Lord of Mahlberg, Wiesbaden, Idstein, Merenberg, Limburg and Eppstein.

It should, however, be noted that many of the titles are held without regard to the strict rules of Salic inheritance and that most, save for Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Duke of Nassau, are simply not used.

List of Grand DukesEdit

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House of Orange-NassauEdit

Image	Name	Date of birth	Date of death	Reign	Relationship with predecessor
File:William I of the Netherlands.jpg	William I Willem Frederik (Prince William VI of Orange)	24 August 1772	12 December 1843	15 March 1815 – 7 October 1840	Francis' third cousin and Anne, Duchess of Luxembourg's direct descendant
File:WillemIINL3.jpg	William II Willem Frederik George Lodewijk	6 December 1792	17 March 1849	7 October 1840 – 17 March 1849	Son of William I
File:Willem III (1817-90), koning der Nederlanden, Nicolaas Pieneman, 1856 - Rijksmuseum.jpg	William III Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk	17 February 1817	23 November 1890	17 March 1849 – 23 November 1890	Son of William II

House of Nassau-WeilburgEdit

Under the 1783 Nassau Family Pact, those territories of the Nassau family in the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the pact (Luxembourg and Nassau) were bound by semi-Salic law, which allowed inheritance by females or through the female line only upon extinction of male members of the dynasty. When William III died leaving only his daughter Wilhelmina as an heir, the crown of the Netherlands, not being bound by the family pact, passed to Wilhelmina. However, the crown of Luxembourg passed to a male of another branch of the House of Nassau: Adolphe, the dispossessed Duke of Nassau and head of the branch of Nassau-Weilburg.

In 1905, Grand Duke Adolphe's younger half-brother, Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau, died, having left a son Georg Nikolaus, Count von Merenberg who was, however, the product of a morganatic marriage, and therefore not legally a member of the House of Nassau. In 1907, Adolphe's only son, William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, obtained passage of a law confirming the right of his eldest daughter, Marie-Adélaïde, to succeed to the throne in virtue of the absence of any remaining dynastic males of the House of Nassau, as originally stipulated in the Nassau Family Pact. She became the grand duchy's first reigning female monarch upon her father's death in 1912, and upon her own abdication in 1919, was succeeded by her younger sister Charlotte, who married Felix of Bourbon-Parma, a prince of the former Duchy of Parma. Charlotte's descendants have since reigned as the continued dynasty of Nassau, and also constitute a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon-Parma.

Name and reign	Portrait	Birth	Family and Marriages	Death	Succession right
Adolphe 23 November 1890 – 17 November 1905	File:Adolfluxembourg1817-6.jpg	24 July 1817 Wiesbaden (Prussia)	(1) Grand Duchess Elizabeth 31 January 1844 [1 child (stillborn)] (2) Grand Duchess Adelheid-Marie 23 April 1851 [5 children]	17 November 1905 (Template:Age in years years) Colmar-Berg	Third cousin of William III
William IV 17 November 1905 – 25 February 1912	File:Guillaume IV of Luxembourg.png	22 April 1852 Wiesbaden (Prussia)	Grand Duchess Marie Anne [6 children]	25 February 1912 (Template:Age in years years) Colmar-Berg	Son of Adolphe
Marie-Adélaïde 25 February 1912 – 14 January 1919 (abdicated)	File:Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg 2.jpg	14 June 1894 Colmar-Berg	Unmarried [childless]	24 January 1924 (Template:Age in years years) Lenggries (Germany)	Daughter of William IV
Charlotte 14 January 1919 – 12 November 1964 (abdicated)	File:Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.jpg	23 January 1896 Colmar-Berg	Prince Felix 6 November 1919 [6 children]	9 July 1985 (Template:Age in years years) Fischbach	Daughter of William IV / Sister of Marie-Adélaïde
Jean 12 November 1964 – 7 October 2000 (abdicated)	File:GD Jean 1967.jpg	5 January 1921 Colmar-Berg	Grand Duchess Joséphine Charlotte 9 April 1953 [5 children]	23 April 2019 (Template:Age in years years) Luxembourg City	Son of Charlotte
Henri 7 October 2000 – present	File:Saeimas priekšsēdētājs Edvards Smiltēns tiekas ar Luksemburgas lielhercogu - 52744479271 (cropped).jpg	16 April 1955 Betzdorf	Grand Duchess Maria Teresa 4/14 February 1981 [5 children]	Living (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Jean

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