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Monimiaceae

Article Discussion

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The Monimiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the magnoliid order Laurales.<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)</ref> It is closely related to the families Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae.<ref name=renner2000>Susanne S. Renner and Andre S. Chanderbali. 2000. "What is the relationship among Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae and Monimiaceae, and why is this question so difficult to answer?" International Journal of Plant Sciences 161(6 supplement):S109-119.</ref> It consists of shrubs, small trees, and a few lianas of the tropics and subtropics, mostly in the southern hemisphere.<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). Template:ISBN.</ref> The largest center of diversity is New Guinea, with about 75 species. Lesser centres of diversity are Madagascar, Australia, and the neotropics. Africa has one species, Xymalos monospora, as does Southern Chile (Peumus boldus). Several species are distributed through Malesia and the southwest Pacific.<ref name=renner2010>Susanne S. Renner, Joeri S. Strijk, Dominique Strasberg, and Christophe Thébaud. 2010. "Biogeography of the Monimiaceae (Laurales): a role for East Gondwana and long-distance dispersal, but not West Gondwana". Journal of Biogeography 37(7):1227-1238. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref>

The Monimiaceae are underrepresented in herbaria and other plant collections.<ref name=renner2010/> Variation within the family has not been understood, resulting in an unusual proportion of monospecific genera. As of 2010, these 11 genera were considered monospecific: Peumus, Xymalos, Kibaropsis, Austromatthaea, Hemmantia, Pendressia, Hennecartia, Macrotorus, Macropeplus, Grazielanthus, and Faika. Kairoa was thought to be monospecific until 2009.<ref name=renner2009>Susanne S. Renner and Wayne N. Takeuchi. 2009. "A phylogeny and revised circumscription for Kairoa (Monimiaceae), with the description of a new species from Papua New Guinea". Harvard Papers in Botany 14(1):71-81. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref>

The Monimiaceae include 24 genera with a total of about 217 known species.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> The largest genera and the number of their constituent species is: Tambourissa (50), Mollinedia (20-90), Kibara (43), Steganthera (17), Palmeria (14), and Hedycarya (11). The type genus, Monimia, is endemic to the Mascarenes.

The number of species in the Monimiaceae has been variously estimated from about 200<ref name=renner2010/> to about 270.<ref name=philipson1993>William R. Philipson. 1993. "Monimiaceae". pages 426-437. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor); Jens G. Rohwer and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.</ref> Most of this difference results from uncertainty over species limits in the tropical American genus Mollinedia. Estimates of the number of species in Mollinedia have ranged from 20<ref name="heywood2007"/> to 90.<ref name=philipson1993/> Janet Russell Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg described 71 species of Mollinedia in Das Pflanzenreich in 1901,<ref name=perkins1901dp>Janet Russell Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg. 1901. "Monimiaceae". pages 1-122. In: Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus. volume IV, family 101. Wilhelm Engelmann. Reprinted by H.R. Engelmann in 1959. (See External links below).</ref> but many authors today regard this as an example of overdescription.

The wood of Peumus boldus and Hedycarya arborescens is used locally, in Chile and New Zealand, respectively, but is of no commercial importance. Both of these species are grown in their native regions as ornamentals.<ref name="heywood2007"/> An herbal tea is made from Peumus.<ref name="heywood2007"/>

The phytochemistry of a few of the genera has been studied.<ref name="leitão1999">Gilda G. Leitão, Naomi K. Simas, Simone S.V. Soares, Ana Paula P. de Brito, Boris M.G. Claros, Thelma B.M. Brito, Franco Delle Monache. 1999. "Chemistry and pharmacology of Monimiaceae: a special focus on Siparuna and Mollinedia". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 65(2):87-102. {{#invoke:doi|main}}.</ref>

Fossil wood attributed to the Monimiaceae has been found in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and on James Ross Island, Antarctica. Both of these fossil sites are roughly 83 million years old, from the Campanian stage of the Cretaceous period. Fossil leaves of the Monimiaceae are known from the Paleocene of King George Island of the South Shetland Islands, near the Antarctic Peninsula<ref name=renner2010/> and from the Eocene of Patagonia.<ref name=knight2013>Cassandra L. Knight and Peter Wilf. 2013. "Rare leaf fossils of Monimiaceae and Atherospermataceae (Laurales) from Eocene Patagonian rainforests and their biogeographic significance". Palaeontologia Electronica 16(3):paper 26A. 39 pages. (See External links below).</ref>

Divergence of different groups within Monimiaceae was long believed to be explained by the separation of East Gondwana (India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, the Seychelles, Australia, Antarctica, and New Caledonia) from West Gondwana (Africa and South America), and by the later separation of Africa and South America.<ref name=lorence1985>David H. Lorence. 1985. "A monograph of the Monimiaceae (Laurales) in the Malagasy Region (Southwest Indian Ocean)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 72(1):1-165.</ref> The family Monimiaceae was long considered to be one of the best examples of vicariance, but the dating of clades by molecular clock methods has shown that the presence of the Monimiaceae in Africa and South America can be explained only by long-distance dispersal.<ref name=renner2010/> Antarctica had coastal forests as recently as the mid-Miocene, and these could have provided an intermediate phase in dispersal between Australia and South America.<ref name=taylor2008>Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and Michael Krings. 2008. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, 2nd edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington, MA; New York, NY; San Diego, CA, USA,, London, UK. 1252 pages. Template:ISBN.</ref>

GeneraEdit

The information on genera is from Renner et al. (2010)<ref name=renner2010/> or, when not available there, from Philipson (1993).<ref name=philipson1993/>

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HistoryEdit

The family Monimiaceae was erected in 1809 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu.<ref name="ipnimonimiaceae">Monimiaceae in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).</ref> He called it "[the] order Monimieae",<ref name="reveal2008on">James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see External links below).</ref> but the orders of that time were equivalent to what are now called families. He defined the family broadly, to include what are now called the Siparunaceae and Atherospermataceae, as well as the modern Monimiaceae. This circumscription of the family prevailed until the 1990s, but some, such as Robert Brown and John Lindley, recognized the Atherospermataceae as a separate family.

Jussieu used the now-obsolete genus names Ruizia, Ambora, Citrosma, and Pavonia (sensu Ruiz & Pavón).<ref name=jussieu1809>page 133 In: Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1809. "Mémoire: Sur les Monimées, nouvel ordre de plantes". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 14:116-135. (See External links below).</ref> These are now known as Peumus, Tambourissa, Siparuna, and Laurelia, respectively. Jussieu was apparently unaware that Antonio José Cavanilles had published the name Pavonia in 1786 for a genus in the Malvaceae. Later authors replaced the name Ruizia with Boldea, until it was eventually determined that Peumus is the correct name for this genus.

In 1855, Louis-René Tulasne wrote two landmark papers on the Monimiaceae.<ref name=tulasne1855annales>Louis-René Tulasne. 1855. "Diagnoses nonnullas e Monimiacearum recensione tentata excerptas præmittit". Annales des sciences naturelles [...] Quatrième série. Botanique. Tome III. pages 29-144. (see External links below).</ref><ref name=tulasne1855archives>Louis-René Tulasne (Ludovicus-Renatus Tulasne). 1855. "Monographia Monimiacearum, primum tentata". Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 8:273-436. (see External links below).</ref> Using current names, the genera that he recognized were: Peumus, Monimia, Tambourissa, Hedycarya, Mollinedia, Kibara, Siparuna, Atherosperma, Laurelia, and Doryphora.

In 1898, Janet Russell Perkins began a series of articles on the Monimiaceae, but only two were ever completed. The second of these was mistitled as part III on its first page (compare to table of contents therein)<ref name=perkins1901siparuna>Janet R. Perkins. 1901. "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monimiaceae. II. Monographie der Gattung Siparuna". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28(5):660-705. (see External links below).</ref> and covers the genus Siparuna, which is now grouped with Glossocalyx in the family Siparunaceae.

The first in this series covers the tribe Mollinedieae, but begins with an extensive discussion of the family.<ref name=perkins1901botjahrb>Janet R. Perkins. 1898. "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monimiaceae. I. Über die Gliederung der Gattungen der Mollinedieae". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 25(4):547-577. (see External links below).</ref> Perkins defined the family very broadly, to include Amborella, Trimenia, and Piptocalyx. These are now regarded as basal angiosperms, and Piptocalyx is a segregate of Trimenia. Perkins also included the genus Conuleum, but it is now usually treated in Siparuna because it is monospecific and sister to Siparuna.<ref name=renner2005>Susanne S. Renner and Gerlinde Hausner. 2005. "Siparunaceae". Flora Neotropica Monograph 95. New York Botanical Garden Press. Template:ISBN.</ref>

In this paper, Perkins named five new genera: Macropeplus, Macrotorus, Steganthera, Tetrasynandra, and Anthobembix. The genus Anthobembix consisted of two species that Perkins had transferred from Kibara. In 1942, these were transferred to Steganthera.<ref name=kanehira1942>Ryōzō Kanehira (金平亮三) and Sumihiko Hatsushima (初島住彦). 1942. The Botanical Magazine (Tōkyō) 56:~256-~261.</ref> The genus Lauterbachia was named by Perkins in a flora published in 1901.<ref name=schumann1901>Karl Moritz Schumann and Carl A.G. Lauterbach. 1901. Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee (Flora of the German Protectorates in the South Seas):330. (see External links below).</ref>

A comprehensive treatment of the Monimiaceae was published by Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg in Das Pflanzenreich in 1901.<ref name=perkins1901dp/> In the part of their family that is still in the Monimiaceae, 20 genera were recognized, including Anthobembix. They placed Conuleum in synonymy under Siparuna and added four genera to those listed by Perkins in 1898. The new genera were Xymalos, Wilkiea, Lauterbachia, and Chloropatane.

The genus Chloropatane had been described by H.G. Adolf Engler in 1899. It was based on a specimen that was eventually shown to be a species of Erythrococca (Euphorbiaceae), but it is too fragmentary to be more precisely identified.

The family was reviewed again by Lillian L. Money et al. in 1950.<ref name=money1950>Lillian L. Money, Irving W. Bailey, and Bangalore G.L. Swamy. 1950. "The morphology and relationships of the Monimiaceae". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 31(4):372-404. (see External links below).</ref>

The most recent monograph of the Monimiaceae was written by William Raymond Philipson in 1993 in a series entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.<ref name=philipson1993/> Philipson divided the Monimiaceae into six subfamilies: Glossocalycoideae, Siparunoideae, Atherospermatoideae, Monimioideae, Hortonioideae, and Mollinedioideae. The latter three constitute the Monimiaceae as defined in the APG III system, which was published in 2009.<ref name=apgiii>Template:Cite journal</ref> In these three subfamilies, Philipson recognized a total of 25 genera. He did not accept Anthobembix, but he did include the other 19 genera from the 1901 monograph by Perkins and Gilg. He also included six genera that had been published after Perkins and Gilg (1901): Decarydendron, Kibaropsis, Austromatthaea, Kairoa, Faika, and Parakibara. The latter three had been named by Philipson in the 1980s.

After Philipson's treatment of the Monimiaceae, the genera Hemmantia and "Endressia" were published in 2007 in Flora of Australia.<ref name=whiffin2007>Trevor P. Whiffin. 2007. Monimiaceae, pages 451-454. In: Appendix: new taxa, combinations, and lectotypifications, pages 447-463. In: Flora of Australia vol. 2: Winteraceae to Platanaceae. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia. Template:ISBN.</ref> Grazielanthus was published in 2008 in Kew Bulletin.<ref name=peixoto2008>Ariane L. Peixoto and Maria V.L. Pereira-Moura. 2008. "A new genus of Monimiaceae from the Atlantic coastal forest in southeastern Brazil". Kew Bulletin 63(1):137-141.</ref> The name "Endressia" (sensu Whiffin) is now known to be illegitimate because Jaques Étienne Gay had published the name Endressia for a genus in the Apiaceae in 1832.<ref name=renner2010/><ref name="ipniendressia">Endressia in International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).</ref> Endressia is related to Angelica and Selinum in the tribe Selineae.

Molecular phylogenetic studies of the angiosperms<ref name="soltis2011">Douglas E. Soltis, et al. (28 authors). 2011. "Angiosperm Phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". American Journal of Botany 98(4):704-730. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref> and of Laurales<ref name=renner1999>Susanne S. Renner. 1999. "Circumscription and phylogeny of the Laurales: evidence from molecular and morphological data". American Journal of Botany 86(9):1301-1315.</ref> had only sparsely sampled the Monimiaceae until 2010. In that year, and in 2014, phylogenies were produced that were based on much denser sampling.<ref name=renner2010/><ref name=massoni2014>Julien Massoni, Félix Forest, and Hervé Sauquet. 2014. "Increased sampling of both genes and taxa improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships within Magnoliidae, a large and early-diverging clade of angiosperms". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 70( ):84-93. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref> These have shown that the next revision of the family must make substantial changes to the genera.

ClassificationEdit

From the time that the family Monimiaceae was established by Jussieu in 1809, until it was monographed by Philipson in 1993, it was usually circumscribed to include three distinct groups in the Laurales, which are recognized in the APG III system as the separate families Siparunaceae, Atherospermataceae, and Monimiaceae sensu stricto. The inclusion of Amborella and Trimenia was always doubtful and was rejected by many. Their exclusion from the Monimiaceae was well established by the time Philipson wrote his treatise on the family.

Beginning with the ground-breaking paper by Mark W. Chase and many coauthors in 1993,<ref name=chase1993>Mark W. Chase, et al. (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(3):528-580. (see External links below).</ref> the cladistic analysis of DNA sequences has contributed much to the knowledge of angiosperm phylogeny.<ref name="judd2008">Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="soltis2005">Template:Cite book</ref> By the end of the 1990s, it was evident that the traditional circumscription of Monimiaceae was paraphyletic over the monotypic family Gomortegaceae, and possibly polyphyletic, as well, because the major part of it formed a clade with the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae.<ref name=renner1999/>

Among the Hernandiaceae, Monimiaceae, and Lauraceae, the question of which two are most closely related has been remarkably difficult to answer.<ref name=renner2000/> Different studies have yielded different results, but none with strong statistical support.<ref name="soltis2011"/><ref name=massoni2014/> This is surprising, as the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae are much closer to each other morphologically than either of them is to the Monimiaceae.Template:Citation needed

SystematicsEdit

In 1993, Philipson divided the subfamily Mollinedioideae into three tribes: Hedycaryeae, Mollinedieae, and Hennecartieae.<ref name=philipson1993/> The Hennecartieae consisted of a single species: Hennecartia omphalandra. It is now known that Hennecartia is nested within the Mollinedieae and is sister to a clade consisting of the rest of the neotropical Monimiaceae.<ref name=renner2010/> The family Mollinedieae is strongly supported as monophyletic if Hennecartia is included.

The monophyly of the Hedycaryeae is not supported or rejected by either of the recent molecular phylogenetic studies.<ref name=renner2010/><ref name=massoni2014/> One study resolved Xymalos as sister to the rest of the Mollinedioideae, but this result had only weak maximum likelihood bootstrap support.<ref name=renner2010/>

In the next revision of the Monimiaceae, several genera will need to be recircumscribed or placed in synonymy with others. Tetrasynandra and Grazielanthus are embedded within Steganthera and Mollinedia, respectively. Kibaropsis forms a clade with Hedycarya arborea, the type species of Hedycarya. The monophyly of Levieria is questionable, but only one species has been sampled for DNA. Levieria acuminata is nested within Hedycarya. Wilkiea, meanwhile, is polyphyletic and should be divided into at least three genera.<ref name=renner2010/> The type species, W. calyptrocalyx is now regarded as a synonym of Wilkiea huegeliana,<ref name=whiffin2007/> and the latter is placed by some authors in synonymy with Wilkiea macrophylla.Template:Citation needed

ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

  • Philipson, W. R., 1987. A classification of the Monimiaceae. Nordic Journal of Botany 7: 25–29.

External linksEdit

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