Montebello Islands
Template:Short description Template:Use Australian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Location map Template:Coord
The Montebello Islands, also rendered as the Monte Bello Islands, are an archipelago of around 174 small islands, about 92 of which are named, lying Template:Convert north of Barrow Island and Template:Convert off the Pilbara coast of north-western Australia. The islands form a marine conservation reserve of Template:Convert administered by the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation. The islands were the site of three British atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, in 1952 and 1956.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DescriptionEdit
The islands of the archipelago have a collective land area of about Template:Convert. The largest islands, Hermite and Trimouille, have an area of Template:Convert and Template:Convert respectively. They consist of limestone rock and sand. The rocky parts are dominated by Triodia hummock grassland with scattered shrubs, while the sandy areas support grasses such as sedges, and shrubs, mainly Acacia. Patches of mangroves grow in sheltered bays and channels of the archipelago, especially on Hermite Island. The climate is hot and arid with an annual average rainfall of about 320 mm.<ref name=bli>BirdLife International. (2011). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Montebello Islands. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/08/2011.</ref>
WildlifeEdit
BirdsEdit
The islands have been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because they support over 1% of the world populations of fairy and roseate terns, and of sooty oystercatchers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Greater crested terns breed there irregularly, sometimes in large numbers. Other birds breeding on the islands include ospreys, white-bellied sea eagles, pied oystercatchers, Caspian terns and bridled terns. The islands support 12–15 breeding pairs of beach stone-curlews. Yellow white-eyes have been recorded.<ref name=bli/>
MammalsEdit
Invasive feral cats and black rats have been eradicated from the islands, allowing endangered rufous hare-wallabies (mala) and Shark Bay mice to be translocated to the islands under the conservation management strategy for those threatened species,<ref name=bli/> and they are now common on many of the larger islands.
- Haematopus fuliginosus - Doughboy Head.jpg
The islands are an important site for sooty oystercatchers
- Beach Thick-knee Inskip Pt2.JPG
Beach stone-curlews inhabit the islands
- Rufous hare wallaby.jpg
Mala have been introduced to the islands
HistoryEdit
Archaeological remains show that the islands were visited by indigenous Australians until about 8248 BP, when a period of global warming and rising sea levels caused the Montebellos to become separated from the mainland, and forced their abandonment.<ref name="manne_veth">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1622 Tryall, an English East India Company-owned East Indiaman, was wrecked on the Tryal Rocks, a reef of uncharted submerged rocks about Template:Convert north-west of the outer edge of the Montebello Islands. The ship's factor, Thomas Bright, along with 35 others, sailed a longboat to the Montebello Islands and spent seven days ashore there, before sailing the longboat to Bantam in Java. It was the first recorded shipwreck in Australian waters and the first extended stay in Australia by Europeans.<ref name=Lee>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1801, Nicolas Baudin, leading a French Navy exploration expedition, named the island group after the Battle of Montebello of 1800, Hermite Island after Admiral Jean-Marthe-Adrien L'Hermite, and Trimouille Island after French general Louis II de la Trémoille.
The islands were economically significant for pearl fishing from the end of the 19th century until the outbreak of the Second World War.<ref name=Stansbury>Template:Cite book</ref>
British nuclear weapons testsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Montebello Islands were the site of three atmospheric nuclear weapon tests by the British military: one in 1952, and two in 1956.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Garrett2017">Template:Cite book</ref>
HMS Plym, moored in Main Bay on Trimouille Island, was the site of Operation Hurricane, the first atomic weapon tested by the United Kingdom, on 3 October 1952.<ref name="TykvaBerg2013">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Wainwright2017">Template:Cite book</ref>
While subsequent British tests were conducted at sites on mainland Australia, in 1956 there were two land-sited tower-mounted tests, on Trimouille and Alpha Islands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The second of those, codenamed "Mosaic G2", was the largest nuclear explosion in Australia, with an official yield of 60 kilotons. Mosaic G2 was later described as an "exceptionally dirty explosion", the fallout from which contaminated large areas of mainland Australia, as far away as the Queensland towns of Mount Isa, Julia Creek, Longreach and Rockhampton.<ref name=connor>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Walker2014">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Cross, Roger. (2001). Fallout. Wakefield Press. (p.179).</ref>
IslandsEdit
Of the smaller islands, the largest are:
- North-West Island
- Primrose Island
- Bluebell Island
- Alpha Island
- Crocus Island
- Campbell Island
- Delta Island
- Renewal Island
- Ah Chong Island
There are also 10 named groups of small islets, whose individual islands have not yet been named:
- Corkwood Islands
- Fig Islands
- Hakea Islands
- Jarrah Islands
- Jasmine Islands
- Karri Islands
- Marri Islands
- Minnieritchie Islands
- Mulga Islands
- Quandong Islands
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Acaster, Ray (1995). "British nuclear testing at the Monte Bello Islands". Early Days Vol. 11, no. 1. pp. 66–80.
- Arnold, Lorna; Smith, Mark (2006). Britain, Australia and the Bomb: The Nuclear Tests and Their Aftermath. Palgrave MacMillan. Template:ISBN
- Bird, Peter (1989). Operation Hurricane. Square One Publications: Worcester. (First published in 1953). Template:ISBN
- Burbidge, A. A. (1971). The Fauna and Flora of the Monte Bello Islands. Department of Fisheries and Fauna: Perth.
- Deegan, P. M. (1992). Monte Bello and Lowendal Islands: bibliography, summary report of marine resources. Dept. of Conservation and Land Management: Perth.
- Duyker, Edward (2006). François Péron: An Impetuous Life: Naturalist and Voyager. Miegunyah/MUP: Melbourne. Template:ISBN
- Fornasiero, Jean; Monteath, Peter; and West-Sooby, John (2004). Encountering Terra Australis: the Australian voyages of Nicholas Baudin and Matthew Flinders. Wakefield Press: Kent Town, South Australia. Template:ISBN
- Horner, Frank (1987). The French Reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia 1801–1803. Melbourne University Press: Melbourne. Template:ISBN.
- Tuckfield, Trevor (1 August 1951). "The Monte Bello Islands". Walkabout, Vol. 17, No. 8. pp. 33–34.
External linksEdit
- Video footage of the Operation Hurricane detonation on Trimouille Island in 1951
- Nicolas Baudin's Scientific Expedition to the Terres Australes by Steve Reynolds – Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc.
- Details of a feral cat eradication program on Hermite Island in 1999
- Nuclear testing details