Mountain Province

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Mountain Province (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Langx) is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc while Bauko is the largest municipality. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as Mountain in some foreign references. The name is usually shortened by locals to Mt. Province.

The province was named so for being in the Cordillera Central mountain range found in the upper realms of Luzon island.

Mountain Province was also the name of the historical province that included most of the current Cordillera provinces. This old province was established by the Philippine Commission in 1908,<ref name=7thAnnualReport>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=TamingPhil>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=1908TheWay /> and was later split in 1966 into Mountain Province, Benguet, Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao.<ref name=FastFactsPhilProv>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=attractions>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=ChanRobles />

The province is also known for its mummy caves, which contain naturally mummified bodies, and for its hanging coffins.<ref name=FastFactsPhilProv />

History

Spanish colonial era

The area of the Cordillera mountains proved difficult to control by the Spaniards. During the long Spanish rule, not much was done to bring the province under control. From 1566 to 1665, they sent expeditions to conquer the land but the rugged terrain and hostile indigenous population at the time were major obstacles to complete subjugation.<ref name=DoT>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first serious effort to subjugate them was made in 1785 when soldiers were sent from Cagayan to put down a revolt of the Kalingas. A famous Spanish explorer, Guillermo Galvez, conducted more than 40 forays to the mountainous region.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Formerly called La Montañosa by the Spanish colonizers due to its mountainous terrain,<ref name=FastFactsPhilProv /><ref name=NSCB>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the area was subdivided into 6 comandancias politico-militar.<ref name=BenguetGov>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The 6 former Comandancias Politico-Militar of La Montañosa <ref name=BenguetGov />

Comandancia	Year established	Comandancia	Year established
Benguet	1846	Amburayan	1889
Lepanto	1852	Kayapa	1891
Bontoc	1859	Cabugaoan	1891

American colonial era

Template:Multiple image On August 19, 1908, during the American rule, the Philippine Commission enacted Act No. 1876, which organized the entire area of the Cordilleras into one large province, named Mountain Province.<ref name=7thAnnualReport /><ref name=1908TheWay>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=FastFactsPhilProv /><ref name=PhilLaw>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first governor was Samuel Kane, and the town of Bontoc was made the capital. It was originally composed of the sub-provinces of Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Lepanto-Bontoc, Ifugao and Kalinga.<ref name=1908TheWay /><ref name=NSCB /> Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 and its corresponding territories were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union. Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the sub-provinces of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the province of Ilocos Sur.<ref name=DoT/><ref name=CensusinthePhil>Template:Cite book</ref> <ref name=CordilleraConn>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Historical sub-provinces of Mountain Province under Act No. 1876<ref name=7thAnnualReport /><ref name=1908TheWay /><ref name=BenguetGov /><ref name=CordilleraConn />

Sub-province	Abolished?	Template:Small
Amburayan	Template:Yes	Template:Small<ref name=1908TheWay /><ref name=CordilleraConn />
Apayao	Template:No
Benguet	Template:No	Template:Small<ref name=CordilleraConn />
Ifugao	Template:No
Kalinga	Template:No
Lepanto-Bontoc	Template:Yes	Template:Small<ref name=1908TheWay /><ref name=CordilleraConn />

Philippine independence

Effective on April 7, 1967, Republic Act No. 4695 abolished the old Mountain Province, converting its sub-provinces into 4 independent provinces: Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao and Mountain Province (corresponding to the former Bontoc sub-province).<ref name=FastFactsPhilProv /> Bontoc became the capital of the new Mountain Province.<ref name=ChanRobles>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=NSCB />

Mountain Province would have been significantly affected by the Chico River Dam Project during the Marcos administration, as the Marcos regime's project would have flooded the municipalities of Sabangan, Sagada, Sadanga, Bontoc, Bauko, and parts of Barlig.<ref name="Asiaweek1980">Template:Cite magazine</ref> However, the indigenous peoples of Kalinga Province and Mountain Province resisted the project and when hostilities resulted in the murder of Macli-ing Dulag, the project became unpopular and was abandoned before Marcos was ousted by the 1986 People Power Revolution.<ref name="Doyo2015">Template:Cite book</ref>

On June 15, 1987, the Cordillera Administrative Region was established upon the issuance of Executive Order 220 by then-President Corazon Aquino, and Mountain Province was made one of its provinces.<ref name=DoT/><ref name=CountrySTAT>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=DeptAgri>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Indigenous People's Day

Through Presidential Proclamation 682, October 4, 2024 was declared a special non-working day to commemorate the Provincial Indigenous People’s Day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Geography

Mountain Province covers a total area of Template:ConvertTemplate:PSGC detail occupying the central section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The province is bordered on the north by Kalinga, east by Isabela, south by Ifugao, southwest by Benguet, west by Ilocos Sur, and northwest by Abra.

Situated within the Cordillera Central, Mountain Province is 83% mountainous while 17% make up hills and levels. The province has many rivers, waterfalls, mountains, and caves. The central and western areas of the province are characterized by rugged mountains and steep cliffs, while the eastern portion has generally sloping terrain.<ref name=FastFactsPhilProv /><ref name=NSCB />

Administrative divisions

Mountain Province comprises ten municipalities, all encompassed by a lone legislative district.Template:PSGC detail

File:Ph fil mountain province.png

Political divisions

	MunicipalityTemplate:ThinspTemplate:Efn-lr		Population			Template:PSGC rubric	AreaTemplate:PSGC detail		DensityTemplate:ThinspTemplate:Small		Template:Abbr
			Template:SmallTemplate:PH census		Template:SmallTemplate:PH census		km2	Template:Nowrap	/km2	Template:Nowrap
Template:Coord	Barlig		Template:Percent and number	4,819	Template:PAGR	Template:Convert	Template:Convert	11
Template:Coord	Bauko		Template:Percent and number	31,065	Template:PAGR	Template:Convert	Template:Convert	22
Template:Coord	Besao		Template:Percent and number	7,040	Template:PAGR	Template:Convert	Template:Convert	14
Template:Coord	Bontoc	†	Template:Percent and number	24,643	Template:PAGR	Template:Convert	Template:Convert	16
Template:Coord	Natonin		Template:Percent and number	10,272	Template:PAGR	Template:Convert	Template:Convert	11
Template:Coord	Paracelis		Template:Percent and number	28,121	Template:PAGR	Template:Convert	Template:Convert	9
Template:Coord	Sabangan		Template:Percent and number	9,315	Template:PAGR	Template:Convert	Template:Convert	15
Template:Coord	Sadanga		Template:Percent and number	8,799	Template:PAGR	Template:Convert	Template:Convert	8
Template:Coord	Sagada		Template:Percent and number	11,127	Template:PAGR	Template:Convert	Template:Convert	19
Template:Coord	Tadian		Template:Percent and number	19,389	Template:PAGR	Template:Convert	Template:Convert	19
	Total			158,200	154,590	Template:PAGR	2,157.38	Template:Convert	Template:Sigfig	Template:Convert	144
		Template:Color boxTemplate:ThinspProvincial capital					Template:Color boxTemplate:ThinspMunicipality

Barangays

Mountain Province has 144 barangays comprising its 10 municipalities.Template:PH census

As of 2010, the most populous barangay in the province is Poblacion in the municipality of Paracelis, with a total of 5,687 inhabitants. Balintaugan in the municipality of Bauko has the least population with only 144.Template:PH census

Demographics

The population of Mountain Province in the 2020 census was 158,200 people,Template:PH census with a density of Template:Convert.

Based on the 2000 census survey, Kankana-ey comprised Template:Percent and number of the total provincial population of 140,339. Balangao/Baliwon came in second at Template:Percent and number, and Bontoc at Template:Percent and number. Other ethnicities were the Ilocano at Template:Percent and number, Applai at Template:Percent and number, Binontok at Template:Percent and number, and Kalinga at Template:Percent and number.<ref name="CensusGovPH-2000">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Languages

The main languages of Mountain Province are Kankanaey and Bontoc. Ilocano is used as a lingua franca in the province and is widely spoken and understood by the residents.

Religion

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Catholicism

File:Anglican Church,Pobalcion, Sagada, Mountain Province.JPG

An Anglican church in Sagada

Anglicanism predominates in the province with approximately 60% adherence to other religions such as Roman Catholicism.Template:Citation needed

Others

Other groups include Members Church of God International (MCGI), Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Iglesia Filipina Indepiendente, Iglesia ni Cristo has 3% of the Listing Members in the province and Free Believers in Christ Fellowship. Mountain Province is the only predominantly Protestant province in the Philippines.

Tourism

The province has several rice terraces in seven of its different towns:<ref name=NSCB /> Template:Div col

• Ambasing Rice Terraces — Sagada
• Bangaan Rice Terraces — Sagada
• Bangen Rice Terraces — Bauko
• Barlig Rice Terraces — Barlig
• Bayyo Rice Terraces — Bontoc
• Besao Rice Terraces — Besao
• Bontoc Poblacion Rice Terraces — Bontoc
• Bucas Rice Terraces — Besao
• Bulongan Rice Terraces — Sagada
• Dalican Rice Terraces — Bontoc
• Fidelisan Rice Terraces — Sagada
• Focong Rice Terraces — Sadanga
• Kapayawan Rice Terraces — Bauko
• Kiltepan Rice Terraces — Sagada
• Maligcong Rice Terraces — Bontoc
• Natonin Rice Terraces — Natonin
• Sadanga Rice Terraces — Sadanga
• Suyo Rice Terraces — Sagada
• Tanulong Rice Terraces — Sagada

The mountainous province also offers excellent mountain climbing experiences with two of its mountains among the top 10 highest points in the Philippines:

• Mount Kalawitan, 2,714+msl - Sabangan
• Mount Amuyao or Mount Finaroy, 2,702+msl - Barlig

Government

List of recent governors

• 2001–2004 — Sario M. Malinias
• 2004–2010 — Maximo B. Dalog
• 2010–2016 — Leonard G. Mayaen
• 2016–present — Bonifacio C. Lacwasan Jr.

Notable people

• Jeyrick Sigmaton - actor and model<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Marky Cielo - actor
• Francisco Claver - Roman Catholic bishop, Jesuit, and human rights activist
• Eduardo Masferré - Filipino-Catalan photographer regarded as the Father of Philippine photography.<ref name=PS1995>Template:Cite news</ref>
• William Henry Scott - Historian and Episcopalian missionary best known for numerous books on the Cordilleran peoples and on Precolonial Philippines.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline
• Template:OSM relation