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Multnomah Falls

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Multnomah Falls is a waterfall located on Multnomah Creek in the Columbia River Gorge, east of Troutdale, between Corbett and Dodson, Oregon, United States. The waterfall is accessible from the Historic Columbia River Highway and Interstate 84. Spanning two tiers on basalt cliffs, it is the tallest waterfall in the state of Oregon at Template:Convert in height.Template:Sfn The Multnomah Creek Bridge, built in 1914, crosses below the falls, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The land surrounding the falls was developed by Simon Benson in the early-twentieth century, with a pathway, viewing bridge, and adjacent lodge being constructed in 1925. The Multnomah Falls Lodge and the surrounding footpaths at the falls were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. Contemporarily, the state of Oregon maintains a switchback trail that ascends to a talus slope Template:Convert above the falls, and descends to an observation deck that overlooks the falls' edge. The falls attract over two million visitors each year,<ref name=sos>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> making it the most-visited natural recreation site in the U.S. Pacific Northwest.<ref name=usda/>

StructureEdit

The falls drops in two major steps, split into an upper falls of Template:Convert and a lower falls of Template:Convert, with a gradual 9 foot (3 m) drop in elevation between the two, so the total height of the waterfall is conventionally given as Template:Convert. The two drops are due to a zone of more easily eroded basalt at the base of the upper falls.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HeightEdit

Multnomah Falls is the tallest waterfall in the state of Oregon.Template:Sfn It is credited by a sign at the site of the falls, and by the United States Forest Service, as the second tallest year-round waterfall in the United States.<ref name=waterfallrank>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, there has been some skepticism surrounding this distinction, as Multnomah Falls is listed as the 156th tallest waterfall in the United States by the World Waterfall Database (this site does not distinguish between seasonal and year-round waterfalls).<ref name=tallestUSwaterfalls>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=WWDMultnomah>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The World Waterfall Database disputes claims that Multnomah Falls is the fourth-tallest waterfall in the United States, which has been claimed in such sources as the Encyclopedia of World Geography (2013).Template:Sfn

Water sourceEdit

Underground springs from Larch Mountain are the year-round source of water for the waterfall, augmented by spring runoff from the mountain's snowpack and rainwater during the other seasons. This spring is the source of Multnomah Creek.Template:Sfn

Benson LakeEdit

Multnomah Creek drains into Benson Lake approximately 1,300 feet west of the bottom of the falls.

HistoryEdit

Formation and early historyEdit

The waterfall formed around 15,000 years ago<ref name=sos/> at the end of a hanging valley, and was created by the Missoula floods.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to the creation story from the Multnomah tribe (from whom the falls take their name), the waterfall was formed after a young woman sacrificed herself to the Great Spirit to save a Multnomah village from a plague by jumping from the cliff, and the Multnomah peoples were saved.Template:Sfn After her death, water began to flow from above the cliff, creating the waterfall.Template:Sfn

The falls were noted in the journals of explorers William Clark and Meriwether Lewis during their expedition through the Columbia River Gorge in 1805.Template:Sfn In an October 30 journal entry, Lewis notes: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

... passed Several places where the rocks projected into the river & have the appearance of having separated from the mountains and fallen into the river, small niches are formed in the banks below those projecting rocks which is common in this part of the river, Saw 4 Cascades caused by Small Streams falling from the mountains on the Lard.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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The origin of the falls' naming is unclear; scholar Lewis A. McArthur, in Oregon Geographic Names, suggested that S. G. Reed, a prominent mercantile clerk in Portland and native of Massachusetts, may have been the first to apply the name with the idea of popularizing sites along the Columbia River for steamboat excursions.<ref name=highway/>

Post-Reconstruction developmentEdit

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File:Multnomah Falls (3387949550).jpg
Visitors at the falls Template:Circa 1915

Beginning in 1884, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company operated a stop at Multnomah Falls on their railway, which spanned from Portland to Pasco, Washington; this stop continued to operate until World War II,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and included a timber bowstring truss bridge that spanned the falls at the present bridge's location.<ref name=highway/> Around 1891, the bridge was reinforced, but was dismantled in 1899.<ref name=highway/>

Template:AnchorTemplate:Anchor On January 28, 1915, Samuel C. Lancaster recommended to the Progressive Business Men's Club of Portland that a trail be built from the base of Multnomah Falls extending to the top of Larch Mountain.<ref name=highway/> The Club raised several hundred dollars to finance the trail, and Portland financier Simon Benson and his son Amos S. Benson pledged an additional $3,000.<ref name=highway/> The United States Forest Service appropriated a total of $1,500 and agreed to survey and build the trail in addition to the lookout on Larch Mountain. Benson financed Italian stonemasons to construct a bridge at the falls to allow visitor access.<ref name=benson>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This bridge, named the Benson Footbridge, spans the lower falls at a height of Template:Convert, and provides an expansive view of the upper falls.<ref name=highway>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:Small</ref>

On Labor Day 1915, Benson donated over Template:Convert of land which included most of the falls as well as nearby Wahkeena Falls, to the city of Portland.<ref name=highway/> The Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company subsequently donated the land at the base of Multnomah Falls contingent upon their agreement that a lodge would be constructed at the site the same year.<ref name=lodge>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:Small</ref>

Template:Anchor Late that year, architect A. E. Doyle, who designed Portland's Meier & Frank Building, was commissioned by the city to design the Multnomah Falls Lodge, which was completed in 1925.<ref name=nrhpreg>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The lodge, built in a "Cascadian" architectural style using native split fieldstone laid irregularly. The building features a steeply-pitched cedar-shingled gable roof with dormers and large chimneys.<ref name=highway/> In the early through the mid-twentieth century, the lodge provided both meals and lodging to travelers.<ref name=lodge/> Contemporarily, it provides meals, a gift shop, and an interpretive center.<ref name=lodge/> The lodge and footpaths were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.<ref name=nrhpreg/>

AccessEdit

File:Multnomah Falls (December 2013) - 09.JPG
Frozen falls in December
File:The Shire.jpg
Onlookers on the north bank of the Columbia River in Washington view Multnomah Falls to the south

In contrast to other falls along the Gorge, the Multnomah Falls area is accessible via Interstate 84 east of Troutdale, Oregon, and is a "designated scenic area" by the state of Oregon.<ref name=usda>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The falls are the most-visited natural recreation area in the Pacific Northwest, with over two million annual visitors.<ref name=usda/> The rest area and tunnel under the road (as well as the Union Pacific Railroad tracks) allow Interstate travelers from either direction to stop and visit the falls. Columbia Area Transit operates the Columbia Gorge Express to Portland and Hood River.

During the summer season and holidays the parking lot along the freeway access can fill up very quickly which prompts a gate to come down and a reader board sign along the freeway before the offramp flashes that the parking lot is full.

Several tour providers offer a variety of ways to access Multnomah Falls from ebike rentals to waterfall shuttles that stop at all of the waterfalls near Multnomah Falls

FootpathsEdit

A paved foot trailTemplate:Sfn leads to Benson Footbridge, a 45-foot (14 m)-long footbridge that allows visitors to cross 105 feet (32 m) above the lower cascade. After a viewpoint of the upper falls, the trail continues to ascend to an elevation of Template:Convert;Template:Sfn it consists of eleven switchbacks which reach a forested talus slope Template:Convert above the falls.Template:Sfn The trail then descends to an observation deck (elevation Template:ConvertTemplate:Sfn) overlooking the falls' edge,Template:Sfn providing visitors a bird's-eye view of the Columbia Gorge and also of "Little Multnomah", a small cascade slightly upstream from the "upper" falls, which is not visible from ground level.

There are a number of trail junctions along the footpaths ascending to the falls' observation deck, which allow access to a Template:ConvertTemplate:Sfn trail loop to other nearby waterfalls.Template:Sfn The Mark O. Hatfield Memorial Trail, one of several, starts at the falls and continues through the Oregon side of the Columbia River Gorge to Starvation Creek.Template:Sfn

Maintenance concernsEdit

In 1991, a wildfire damaged over Template:Convert near the falls, and resulted in the closing of Perdition Trail, a hiking trail that branched off the main trail to the falls' observation deck.Template:Sfn The trail is permanently closed and deemed unsafe for passage.Template:Sfn

On Labor Day in September 1995, a 400-ton boulder, loosened by erosion, fell Template:Convert from the face of the waterfall into the upper cascade pool, above Benson Footbridge. It caused a Template:Convert splash of water and gravel to wash over the footbridge, causing minor injuries to twenty members of a wedding party that happened to be on the bridge posing for photos at the time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On January 9, 2014, a falling rock damaged a portion of the bridge walkway and concrete railing, leading the Forest Service to close the bridge until repairs were completed.<ref> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In September 2017, the lodge was threatened by the Eagle Creek Fire in the Columbia River Gorge, which resulted in the lodge and fall access being closed to the public. The lodge reopened on November 29, 2017, though the U.S. Forest Service announced that footpath access to the waterfall would remain closed until an indeterminate date due to concerns over landslides.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The trail to the Benson Bridge reopened in June 2018,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while the remaining trails along upper Multnomah Creek and to Wahkeena Falls, the top of Larch Mountain, Devil's Rest, and Angel's Rest were repaired and reopened in November 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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Multnomah Creek BridgeEdit

A five-ribbed spandrel bridge, the Multnomah Creek Bridge, was built in 1914 to bring what is now the Historic Columbia River Highway across Multnomah Creek below the falls. It is Template:Convert long and is a contributing structure in the highway's listing on the National Register of Historic Places, and in its designation as a National Historic Landmark.<ref name=nhl>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} With Template:NRHP url</ref>

GalleryEdit

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See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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Works citedEdit

External linksEdit

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