Mustafa IV
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Mustafa IV (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx; 8 September 1779 – 16 November 1808) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1808.
Early lifeEdit
Mustafa IV was born on 8 September 1779 in Constantinople. He was the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I (1774–1789) and Sineperver Sultan.<ref name="Yavuz Bahadıroğlu 2009, page 395">Yavuz Bahadıroğlu, Resimli Osmanlı Tarihi, Nesil Yayınları (Ottoman History with Illustrations, Nesil Publications), 15th Ed., 2009, page 395, Template:ISBN</ref>Template:Sfn
Both he and his half-brother, Mahmud II, were the last remaining male members of the House of Osman after their cousin, the reformist Sultan Selim III (1789–1807). They alone were therefore eligible to inherit the throne from Selim, by whom they were treated favorably. Since Mustafa was the elder, he took precedence over his brother to the throne.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book.</ref> During his short reign, Mustafa would save his cousin's life and order him murdered. Mustafa was Sultan Selim III's favourite crown prince, but he deceived his cousin and cooperated with the rebels to take his throne.
ReignEdit
Mustafa ascended to the throne after the deposition of his cousin, Selim, on 29 May 1807.Template:Sfn He came to the throne in the wake of the turbulent events that led to the fatwa against Selim for "introduc[ing] among the Muslims the manners of infidels and showing an intention to suppress the Janissaries".<ref name="Kinross, p. 433">Template:Harvnb</ref> Selim fled to the palace, where he swore fealty to his cousin as the new sultan, and attempted to commit suicide. Mustafa spared his life by smashing the cup of poison that his cousin tried to drink.<ref name="Kinross, p. 433"/>
Mustafa's brief reign was turbulent. Immediately upon ascending to the throne, the Janissaries rioted throughout Constantinople, looting and murdering anyone who appeared to support Selim.<ref name="Goodwin, p. 291">Template:Cite book</ref> More threatening, however, was a truce signed with the Russians, which freed Mustafa Pasha, a pro-reformist commander stationed on the Danube, to march his army back to Constantinople to restore Selim. With the aid of the Grand Vizier of Adrianople, the army marched on the capital and seized the palace.<ref name="Kinross, p. 433"/>
Sarıbeyzade Aleko, the interpreter of Fenerli Divan-ı Hümayun, was executed on 11 September 1807 because he was involved in spying on government affairs unrelated to his job. It was written on the label hanging around his neck that he gave state secrets to the enemy. This execution strained relations with France. French envoy Sebastiani protested the execution of Aleko, who was under the government's patronage, by going to Babıali. After the cease-fire agreement signed in the Russian lada and the turmoil in the Silistra army, the Ottoman troops returned to Edirne, who had no army characterTemplate:Huh? left.Template:Sfn
Meanwhile, in Istanbul and Edirne, after a long winter with severe frosts, shortages and wood shortages were experienced. Troops starved, and the cadre of Edirne was devastated. Soldiers were asked to dispatch soldiers from the provincial governors until only a few had come from places near Istanbul, such as Izmit and Şile. The pro-New Order protestors in Anatolia and Çapanoğlu Süleyman Bey, in the first place, had cut all kinds of aid towards Istanbul.Template:Sfn
Attempting to secure his position by positing himself as Osman's only surviving heir, Mustafa ordered Selim and his brother Mahmud murdered at Topkapı Palace in Constantinople. He then ordered his guards to show the rebels Selim's body,<ref name="Goodwin, p. 291"/> and they promptly tossed it into the palace's inner courtyard. Mustafa then ascended his throne, assuming that Mahmud was also dead, but the prince had been hiding in a bath furnace.Template:Sfn Just as the rebels demanded that Mustafa "yield his place to a worthier", Mahmud revealed himself, and Mustafa was deposed. The failure of his short reign prevented the efforts to undo the reforms, which continued under Mahmud.
DeathEdit
Template:Main article Mustafa was later killed on Mahmud's orders on 16 November 1808 and was buried in his father's mausoleum.Template:Sfn
FamilyEdit
Due to his short reign, Mustafa IV did not have a large family. He had four known consorts, a son and a daughter, who died newborn.
ConsortsEdit
Mustafa IV had four known consorts:<ref>Ziya, Mehmet (2004). Istanbul ve Boğaziçi: Bizans ve Osmanlı medeniyetlerinin Ölümsüz Mirası, Volume 1. Bika.</ref><ref>Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (January 1, 2018). Hamîd-i Evvel Külliyesi ve Çevresi. Istanbul Ticaret Borsasi. Template:ISBN. p. 94 </ref><ref>Danacı-Yıldız, Aysel (2008). Osmanlı Araştırmaları, Volume 31: III. Selim'in Katilleri. Istanbul 29 Mayis University. p. 81 and n. 150. </ref>
- Şevkinür Kadın. BaşKadin (first consort). She died in 1812 and was buried in Abdülhamid I's mausoleum.
- Peykidil Kadın. She was executed in August 1808 by Mahmud II, accused of plotting against him with Mustafa IV and Alemdar Mustafa Pasha. According to sources, she was tied to a weight and thrown into the sea from the Maiden's Tower. Along with her, several concubines accused of being her accomplices were also executed.
- Dilpezir Kadın. She died in 1809 and was buried in Abdülhamid I's mausoleum.
- Seyare Kadın. She died in 1817 and was buried in Abdülhamid I's mausoleum.
SonsEdit
Mustafa IV had only one son:<ref> Kinross, Lord (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Perennial. p. 437. Template:ISBN.</ref>
- Şehzade Ahmed (1809–1809). Born posthumously.
In the decades following Mustafa's death, a certain Ahmed Nedir, a Georgian man, claimed to be Mustafa IV's secret son, born after his mother, a Russian woman, was forced to flee Constantinople while she was pregnant following Mustafa IV's death. According to another version, Ahmed Nedir was the Şehzade Ahmed himself, whose death was faked in order to hide the child abroad, for fear that Mahmud II execute him. His claims were never proven or taken into consideration.<ref>Sakaoğlu, Necdet. Bu mülkün kadın sultanları — Istanbul: ALFA Basım Yayım Dağıtım San. ve T ic. Ltd. Şti., 2015. </ref>
DaughtersEdit
Mustafa IV had only one daughter:<ref> Danacı-Yıldız, Aysel (2008). Osmanlı Araştırmaları. Volume 31: III. Selim'in Katilleri. İstanbul 29 Mayıs University. p. 81 and n. 150.</ref><ref>Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (1 January 2018). Hamîd-i Evvel Külliyesi ve Çevresi. Istanbul Ticaret Borsasi. ISBN 978-6-051-37663-9. p. 87 </ref>
- Emine Sultan (6 May 1809 – October 1809). Born posthumously, she is buried with her father in the Hamidiye mausoleum. Her wet nurse was Muhtaviye Hatun, wife of Said Bey (died 16 November 1812, buried in Karacaahmet Cemetery).
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
External linksEdit
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- http://www.uslanmam.com/turk-kulturu/651298-sultan-i-abdulhamid-turbesi-eminonu.html Template:Webarchive
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